Gender Bias

A large amount of early research has been conducted on the biological differences between males and females; however, focus has shifted to environmental and social factors that may influence the gender gap in STEM subjects. The Eccles et al. Value Model, developed in 1983, considers motivational factors related to decisions regarding educational and career choices. Some of these factors include self perceptions, social variables and environmental factors Oacobs 2005, AAIJW 2005).American culture and society may influence how students view themselves, inherently contributing to the gender gap found in the STEM areas. According to the American Association of University Women (AAUW), many studies have confirmed the negative impact that stereotypes have on students (Hill, C. et al. 2010). Gender differences within math and science develop early in adolescence (Sleeker & Jacobs, 2004). There are many stereotypes and social stigmas that contribute to the reasons that boys may perform bette r in STEM fields than girls. One common stereotype the arts.The cultural stereotype may encourage girls to believe that math and science are not intended for them and in turn affect activities and career aspirations (Cvencek et al. , 2011). The Implicit Association Test was developed to â€Å"measure implicit attitudes and beliefs that people are unwilling or unable to report† (Project Implicit, n. d. ). Approximately 70 percent of IAT tests revealed stereotypes associating science with males more than females (Nosek et al. , 2009). Researchers at the University of Washington adapted the IAT to conduct a study on children ages six to ten years old.The test focused on gender identity, math-gender stereotype, and math self-concept. The results showed that by second grade, girls showed a weaker identification with math than boys, confirming the stereotype that math is for boys Cvencek et al. , 2011). Another study utilized the IAT to contrast science and liberal arts, and found that women who associated males with science were least likely to pursue science, and males with similar stereotypes were more likely to pursue science (Smyth, n. d. The study validated the link between stereotyping and self- efficacy. This is evidence that American culture may influence the way children view themselves related to subjects learned in school. Fear of poor performance in the classroom may also contribute to lack of interest in math and science. A study onducted in 2010 by the AAUW, focused on college students with similar math abilities and divided them into two rooms. The first room was advised that men outperform women on the test, while the second room, was told there was no distinction in performance. Gender Bias A large amount of early research has been conducted on the biological differences between males and females; however, focus has shifted to environmental and social factors that may influence the gender gap in STEM subjects. The Eccles et al. Value Model, developed in 1983, considers motivational factors related to decisions regarding educational and career choices. Some of these factors include self perceptions, social variables and environmental factors Oacobs 2005, AAIJW 2005).American culture and society may influence how students view themselves, inherently contributing to the gender gap found in the STEM areas. According to the American Association of University Women (AAUW), many studies have confirmed the negative impact that stereotypes have on students (Hill, C. et al. 2010). Gender differences within math and science develop early in adolescence (Sleeker & Jacobs, 2004). There are many stereotypes and social stigmas that contribute to the reasons that boys may perform bette r in STEM fields than girls. One common stereotype the arts.The cultural stereotype may encourage girls to believe that math and science are not intended for them and in turn affect activities and career aspirations (Cvencek et al. , 2011). The Implicit Association Test was developed to â€Å"measure implicit attitudes and beliefs that people are unwilling or unable to report† (Project Implicit, n. d. ). Approximately 70 percent of IAT tests revealed stereotypes associating science with males more than females (Nosek et al. , 2009). Researchers at the University of Washington adapted the IAT to conduct a study on children ages six to ten years old.The test focused on gender identity, math-gender stereotype, and math self-concept. The results showed that by second grade, girls showed a weaker identification with math than boys, confirming the stereotype that math is for boys Cvencek et al. , 2011). Another study utilized the IAT to contrast science and liberal arts, and found that women who associated males with science were least likely to pursue science, and males with similar stereotypes were more likely to pursue science (Smyth, n. d. The study validated the link between stereotyping and self- efficacy. This is evidence that American culture may influence the way children view themselves related to subjects learned in school. Fear of poor performance in the classroom may also contribute to lack of interest in math and science. A study onducted in 2010 by the AAUW, focused on college students with similar math abilities and divided them into two rooms. The first room was advised that men outperform women on the test, while the second room, was told there was no distinction in performance.

Looking for loans

The problem with borrowing money from a rich uncle for starting a business is that 1) the funds can be stopped at any time; 2) your uncle ordinarily can not provide the practical advice necessary for growing the business; and 3) your relationship with your uncle might be ruined if the business goes under. Two alternate methods of looking for loans are as follows: SBA loans and venture capitalists SBA administers three separate, but equally important loan programs. SBA sets the guidelines for the loans while SBA’s partners (Lenders, Community Development Organizations, and Microlending Institutions) make the loans to small businesses. SBA backs those loans with a guaranty that will eliminate some of the risk to the lending partners. (www.sba.gov) The advantages of a SBA loan is that often it is usually easier to get a SBA loan as opposed to   a traditional bank loan and the SBA itself is an invaluable resource of information and classes about starting a small business. Venture capital is money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable.   Venture capitalist finance startups in exchange for a share of stock once the company goes public.   Normally, financing is done in rounds.   For example, a company is given 12 million dollars and, once that money is exhausted, it applies for another round of financing. Venture capital is mostly limited to high tech companies and is hard to obtain.   Only one in a thousand prospects presented before a venture capitalist actually gets funded.   Also, it takes time and money to make presentations to venture capitalists. Most venture capitalists are located in large metropolitan areas, such as Silicon Valley; hence, if you have a business located outside a large metropolitan area, you should factor in the travel time involved in contacting venture capitalists into your decision to use venture capital as a source of funding.   Also depending solely on venture capital for funding is risky because financing rounds are not guaranteed.   Your company may have to suddenly close down if you find that you have exhausted your round of financing without turning a profit. â€Å"SBA Financing Basics† (n.d.).   Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/financing/basics/basics.html References â€Å"

Mathew Restall’s Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest Essay

Mathew Restall’s Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest is a well-written book that serves an important purpose. That purpose being: the debunking of generally accepted falsehoods about the Spanish Conquest beginning in the 15th century. Restall’s book is separated into seven chapters that specifically address general myths most historians and students perceive as basic — universal truths. Restall uses the term â€Å"myth† to describe the inaccurate/fictitious depiction of history â€Å"commonly taken to be true, partially or absolutely.† These â€Å"myths† are the progenitors of unintentionally self-centered perceptions of events historically recorded in subjectivity. The Self-absorption, relating to the over exaggeration and mystification of the Spanish Conquest, germinated over time. Excitements about the â€Å"New World† took Spain by storm and subsequently lead to a heterogeneity of mythical depictions. The chapters of the book discuss seven myths; the myth of exceptional men, the king’s army, the white conquistador, completion, (mis) communication, native desolation, and superiority. Too much credit is given to the men who were apart of the conquest. These men are credited for innovating a unique skill set that allowed them to conquer the natives when in reality, they were merely utilizing strategies and techniques the Spaniards had been using for years in their conflicts in North Africa and other regions. Restall relied heavily on the writings of the conquistadors and natives to determine the truth behind all of the myth and folklore. A common myth is that the conquistadors were sent directly by the king of Spain to conquer the Americas as soldiers but Restall proves this myth to be incorrect based off of the writings of the conquistadors themselves. These men had a variety of â€Å"identities, occupations, and motivations—and were far more interesting than that.â⠂¬  Another common misconception speaks of the exclusivity and efficiency as to which the conquest was achieved. The myth is that the conquistadors conquered the America’s relatively quickly in a sovereign effort but Restall explains that the Spaniards had a lot of help from the Natives and African’s and the â€Å"completion† of conquest was anything but; as mass portions of the land remained unscathed by the conquest. Restall effortlessly explains how the conquistador myths of superior communication between the Spaniards and Natives were just as fabricated as the modern misconception of inferior communication by historians. The communication between the two, or lack thereof, fell somewhere between both myths. Restall uses his concise writing style to explain the resilience of the Natives, debunking the myth of Native desolation and how the myth of superiority derives from Eurocentric beliefs of racial dominance which lead to racist ideologies that â€Å"underpinned colonial expansion from the late fifteenth to early twentieth centuries.† Restall’s work in this book administers a revitalizing dose of truth to historic and modern misconceptions of the Spanish Conquest. The book is not very long but it is written in an entertaining prose that fluidly transitions between concepts. The arguments are solid and detailed making it almost too easy to follow. Restall’s research seemingly taunts historic perspective and makes you question how you could have ever believed the contrary. His clear and concise depiction of events paint an obvious picture of subjectivity on the part of the conquistadors and embellishment on the part of historians. The book challenges all major explanations of the Spanish Conquest and blames them on Eurocentric ideologies that boast racial superiority. It was this racist misconception that lead to an embellishment of circumstances over time. Historians rewrote history in a way that made them look far more superior then that of the Natives but Restall lays those misconceptions to rest. The book focuses on the big ideas that are – and have been – generally accepted as common knowledge, which is a much larger task than tackling ambiguous points that could be argued either way. Although this book isn’t very long, it is a very ambitious and bold correction of facile arguments that have stood the test of time. Restall’s critique and correction of the Spanish Conquest should be read on all levels of education. High school students should read this book as they begin to establish a basic level of understanding of these historical events. College students can use this text to challenge their established beliefs and grow their knowledge of the subject matter by gaining a new and exciting perspective. Teachers and professors can gain to learn more about the subject so that they may foster engaging debates and discussion in class on the course material. While this book challenges the accuracy or lack-thereof, of a specific historical event, it subsequently forces us as student, teachers and historians to view all events in history with a healthy sense of skepticism. Restall’s attempt to debunk common misconceptions or â€Å"myths† was very successful. Overall, his arguments were crisp, concise and convincing. The writing style of Restell made for an especially easy read that was as entertaining as it was informational. The ease at which he navigates through the subject matter makes you question your understanding of all major historical events. Not only should students on all levels who are interested in the subject be required to read this text but their teachers and professors as well. It’s important that teachers and professors make themselves familiar with the historical inaccuracies of this subject so that they won’t make the same mistakes and continue to proliferate the mis-education of the Spanish Conquest.

Brainwashed by Kashonia Carnegie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brainwashed by Kashonia Carnegie - Essay Example Dr. Kashonia stated that a person’s heart and the brain were contradictory in decision-making. She explains that the heart can make us decide on things that the head clearly defines wrong ideas. In the text, the writer tells of memories of her childhood and adult life. It helps us to understand the impacts, both positive and negative, of childhood life on developing our personality and behavior. Carnegia has suffered dreadful treatments from others during her lifestyle. Instead of her family being her crying shoulder, they also joined in mistreating her. The stories make her memories more painful. Dr. Kashon uses her knowledge gained from the University and her self-study to tell us how self-discovery helped her choose her ways. She also mentions on acceptance and self-analysis being critical factors in leading the journey of life. The concepts form the basis of a major lesson from the story. In agreement with the author, the way we lead our childhood life greatly influences our character later on in life. Our family shapes our thinking. As a child, one will always take everything from the family positively until later in life when you come to realize that your greatest enemy was your family. Most are only aware of physical violence like rape, forgetting psychological abuse. Our childhood life makes us learn to endure some suffering. If not for her life as a kid, she would not have accepted her very psychologically abusive marriage at the age of 20. It was until sixty-three that she came to realize that her family played a significant role in her future suffering. In disagreement with the writer, Carnegie, being an adult should have tried to find out from her friend what marriage involved. She should have asked for answers why some things happened the way they did. Being intelligent is a gift thing but perseverance is a choice.

Criminal Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Theories - Essay Example The difficulty in committing the crime also counts, as well as whether the rewards are worth the effort and even the best place to commit the crime, within his neighborhood or elsewhere. If the risks perceived are small, the rewards and excitement high, the criminal gains the likelihood of committing the crime again. On the other hand, if the risks outweigh the rewards, the offender foregoes the crime: if they have a good chance of apprehension, the fear of punishment or consequences, damage to their reputation and feelings of guilt or shame (Cole, Smith and DeJong 64). Other evaluations include familiarity with the target and how easy it is to commit the crime. In this theory, the criminal uses opportunistic everyday routines that involve the family such as shopping, work, leisure, and schooling. These, together with factors such as lack of a guardian, the presence of a target and the motivated criminal are the context for criminal opportunities (Siegel 71). The guardian’s presence would deter potential offenders from committing the crime for instance door staff, security guards, police patrols, neighbors, and friends. The target should be accessible and may include an expensive car, goods that can be easily moved or expensive jewelry, while the offender may be an addict, teenage boys or unemployed people. These three elements must be present within a routine activity for crime to take place (Schmalleger 182). For instance, many homes are left unguarded during the day, making them targets of crime. The possibility of a crime being committed by the motivated offender increases when there are an accessible target and the absence of a c apable guardian.

Critical Thinking in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking in Business - Essay Example It is recommended that the Director should immediately discuss the ground reality with the local governing authorities, the authorities should be requested for taking some remedial actions, and if not, and the authorities should be warned that the company might shun their Lagos branch. A developing country, with poor infrastructure, can not afford to lose foreign investment, and it is expected that the authorities will resolve the issue, and the malpractices of the client agents will get affected and sorted out. (Saxton, 1989) The recent studies have concluded that the application of comprehensive code of conduct and ethics had significant impact on the opinion with reference to ethical behavior in organization, and Thomas should adhere by it, the company's moral reputation should not be put at stake merely for the approval and satisfaction of client agents. It is understandable that codes of ethics can't help in solving the most difficult ethical problems in business, and it is important for the director to work out certain solution without compromising on the ethical values. If the malpractice of the company gets exposed to the international community, the company will have negative impact on its growth and operations. (Barnett, 1996) It is important to evolve and portray BIM as good business firm that is financially successful and economically efficient enterprise which would combine profit-making with social responsibility. Furthermore, it is expected that the firm provide handsome and suitable remuneration to its employees to become involved in their communities and eventually to transform into good corporate citizen. Therefore, Thomas should take some relevant measures after in consultation with the company's high management, and should provide possible and sufficient incentives to the employees, so that their personal need and greed should not make them compromise over the company's value. The question is not just about the Thomas crossing the floor, but his subordinates are likely to practice the similar approach, which is also a matter of concern, and should be avoided. The two significant consequences will reference to adoption of ethical techniques include, 1. Under modern conditions, ethics can be conceptualized in two different levels, i.e. ethics with reference to actions and ethics with reference to conditions of actions, i.e. based on rules or institutions, also called institutional ethics or order ethics. It is most important to avoid any existing or expected contradiction between the two. 2. Another important aspect is with reference to ethics under pre-modern conditions i.e. the selection of evaluation and selection of the rules. It is important to understand that adherence to common values as a foundation. In the age of globalization, the practice of agreement and consensus on values has diluted. (Davis, 2003) The Director Thomas Harvey has another option i.e. adoption of strategy for mutual advantages, such technique will surely resolved the dispute, if the involvement of the local authorities is to be ignored for any reason. The client agents and the company should bring themselves to justify ethical norms in terms of mutual advantages or benefits, in this regard; three different options can be evaluated.

The United Nations And Human Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The United Nations And Human Right - Essay Example Upholding those rights are considered as having peace, justice, and freedom in the world. The laws and fundamental principles for upholding these rights are in place and so does the overall mechanism and infrastructure to actually enforce these rights. Over the period of time, UN has been able to reduce the number of human rights violations across the whole world and that it has been able to put in place different resources which helped it to achieve this objective. However, UN also failed to properly enforce human rights across the whole world as millions of people are still being put through brutalities and gross human rights violations. Not only governments are committing crimes against the basic human rights but smaller and individual groups are also involved too in such incidents. This paper will debate whether United Nations has been able to ensure human rights for all or not by presenting arguments in favor and against the same. Human Rights and United Nations As discussed abo ve, human rights are universal in nature and are available to everyone equally. These are the rights which we enjoy as humans and violations of the same can attract penalties and other punishments for those who violate the human rights. The overall movement for the protection of human rights started to become significant after the World War-II. The overall mandate given to UN is given by the countries who acquire the membership of the UN. Membership of UN is considered as the admission of any individual country towards the international community. UN, therefore, has been implementing and enforcing human rights either through charter based or treaty-based implementations. Both these mechanisms not only provide UN a proper mechanism but structure also to implement and influence countries to implement human rights. The overall atrocities and violations of human rights become common after World War II and as a result of this, United Nations General Assembly met in Paris with the objecti ve of adapting Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1948, a universal declaration of human rights was adopted by General Assembly of United Nations and as such overshadowed all other human rights declaration which was prevailing in ancient times. Article 1 of the universal declaration suggests that all human beings are born equal and with the same level of dignity. The United Nation Article 1 on human rights states that all human beings are equal and born free in dignity and rights (Smith, 2009, p. 54). The laws were made to ensure that every person has a right to life and this right should be legally protected.

Discuss point of view in Walkers Everyday Use . Is the narrator Essay

Discuss point of view in Walkers Everyday Use . Is the narrator reliable How does the point of view affect our assessment of the other characters in the - Essay Example The Mother appreciated her modest yard as the following quote shows, â€Å"anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never come inside the house† (Walker, 1998). Yet the Mother could also face the tragedy in her life, like when her daughter was burned. This is proven by the quote, â€Å"Sometimes I can still hear the flames and feel Maggies arms sticking to me, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes (Walker, 1998). She did not sugar coat the events in her life by making them appear better or more tragic than they were. This view of her life makes the Mother’s narrative believable. The Mother’s choice of words when describing herself and her daughters also make the narrative plausible. When describing herself, she is far from flattering by saying, â€Å"In real life I am a large, big.boned woman with rough, man.working hands† (Walker, 1998). Her daughter Maggie, who had been burned in the fire, was described as â€Å"a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind to him† (Walker, 1998). The Mother’s other daughter, Dee, receives more of her venom. She is illustrated as pretentious, always wanting to be better than her Mother and Maggie. These descriptions are blunt, so make the story more credible. Using the descriptions of her daughters, the Mother makes the reader feel sorry for Maggie and contemptuous of Dee. When relating Maggie’s acceptance of her fate, by marrying a local boy because of her self esteem being damaged by her burns, the reader admires and pities Maggie. On the other hand, when Dee comes home with a new African name, trying to relate to her African roots, her Mother is disgusted. Dee’s real roots were there at their home with the Mother and Maggie, but her exaggerated ways make the

Emily Dickinson a unique voice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emily Dickinson a unique voice - Essay Example She becomes more of a life force than a person and can see and experience almost anything. She shows that even the smallest things around us—a grain of sand, a pismire, a cow—contain an enormous history and an enormous power. A mouse is capable of inspiring the awe of an entire religion (Blake 56). Most significantly, she seems to believe, like Whitman, that â€Å"the narrowest hinge in my hand puts to scorn all machinery.† This is a celebration of all that has gone into creating the world and how deeply it can inspire us—like the best romantic poetry. Once again nature is an enormous canvas which is all interlinked and inspires great beauty. The bee is â€Å"kinsman† to the grass, and all the things of the world are â€Å"sweet litigants for life.† And on top of these sentiments, the bee is â€Å"sovereign.† These emphasis on nature shows how unique she is. Two important elements of romanticism are the individual versus society and a reliance on human emotion over cold rationality. Both of these principles can be seen in effect in Rousseau’s Confessions and Emily Dickinsons poetry (Knapp 102). Rousseau’s long autobiography Confessions constantly points out how different and apart he is from other people. "I am not made like any of those I have seen; I venture to believe that I am not made like any of those who are in existence. If I am not better, at least I am different" (Rousseau 23). This is a central theme of romanticism. The person who lives truly, understanding himself and nature, in tune with his emotions, is a person apart. The romantic is often portrayed as alone and sensitive—either ostracized by others because of his uniqueness or choosing like a hermit to be free of the conformist and corrupting world of society. This book also celebrates the power and centrality to life of emotion. He writes that, â₠¬Å"If I had ever, a single time in my

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Ethics - Essay Example This is because the topic is a sensitive on among certain communities present in the campus the paper is situated. Advertisements are hypothetically expected to have a positive impact on the audience. They are also expected to be sensitive to the issues affecting the community (Sheehan 178). Therefore, it is wrong for the university to run the advertisement on holocaust. The holocaust was an infamous historical period, which affected the Jewish community in Europe adversely. Therefore, the event is bound to raise strong emotions predominantly from the Jewish community in the campus. Since the period had grave consequences for the community, there should be sensitivity when approaching the issue (Shimp 319). This is because, as a journalist, it is imperative to consider the impact of the communication on the community. Therefore, it is morally incorrect to run this advertisement judging from the reaction that may be experienced from the community. Not running the advertisement will avert eliciting negative reactions from the community (Tyagi and Kumar 328). Advertisements are powerful tools for persuading the public to adopt certain mindsets. Therefore, it is imperative that journalists appreciate the significance of these communications among the community. If this is the case, moral considerations should be key in advertisements to avoid eliciting negative reactions from the

JPMorgan Chase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

JPMorgan Chase - Essay Example In the last section the essay will shed light on software automation in online banking transaction. According to Securities and Exchange Commission (2013), its purpose of existence is to protect the interest of investors, facilitate capital formation and maintain a transparent and fare market. Research scholars such as Kamin and DeMarco (2010) and Hill (2010) have pointed out that SEC plays much larger role in comparison to CFTC when it comes to saving the interest of investors. Hence in this essay, the researcher will only focus on control mechanism of SEC in order to discourage banks and financial institutions from involving in high risk gambles in primary market and securities. SEC has created two divisions such as Division of Trading and Markets and Division of Investment Management in order to create a fair a transparent market and protect interest of investors (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2013). ... mechanisms of Trading and Market Division and Investment Management Division of SEC to protect interest of investors can be summarized as, 1- incorporating financial integrity program to mitigate conflict of interest between broker-dealers, 2- reviewing policies to identify and punish fraudulent activities of banks and other companies, 3- assisting the Commission to establish a fair security market and 4- monitoring the actions in commodity market, 5- reviewing the investment adviser filings and 6- assisting Commission to go for law enforcement against companies and banks falsifying the financial results (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2013). SEC has also investigative arm which conduct investigation on following charges; Omission or misrepresentation financial results or crucial security information Manipulation of market prices of securities Defrauding customer’s fund    Insider trading of market information On the basis of above mentioned guidelines, control measures and legal enforcement actions, SEC take actions in order to prevent high-risk gambles in securities in the field of banking operation and security exchange. Elements of contracts include various items such as, 1- An Offer- willingness of parities to enter into bargain, 2- An Acceptance- acceptance of condition mentioned in by both parties, Purpose- purpose of the contract must be legal, 4- Mutuality of Obligation- mutual understanding of the condition and obligation between parties, 5- Consideration- there must consideration of benefits among both promisor and promise and 6- Certainty of Subject Matter- all the conditions must be clearly defined in the contract so that everyone involved in the contract can understand it. However, the nature of contract between banks and customers is purely based

Defining Culture Essay Example for Free

Defining Culture Essay How can you define culture? What is intercultural communication? How much does the same language used by native and non-native speakers vary? This paper would attempt to answer. Three sources on the subject matter will be used. These are: Jan Blommaert’s â€Å"How much culture is there in intercultural communication? †, â€Å"Talking a Person into Interethnic Distinction: a Discourse Analytic Case Study† by Volker Hinnenkamp and â€Å"Rapport Management Theory and Culture† by Helen Spencer-Oatey. In the first article, Blommaert focused on what theory or theories in the science of linguistic would be most useful to obtain an accurate analysis of intercultural communication as well as the role to the study of linguistics plays in the study of intercultural communication. The author began the article with the thesis that the study of intercultural communication will pose challenges in the science of linguistics due to two reasons. One of these reasons is that each communication by two parties from two different cultures would have certain features that would make it unique that it would need a specific methodology and theory to be elaborated for every communication that occurs. The second reason is that the study of intercultural communication would need the knowledge of other branches of the social sciences such as social psychology and anthropology for it to be properly analyzed (13). Two concepts were used by the author in order to answer the questions stated in the article. The first is that culture is fundamental in the study of intercultural communication, and the primary cause for communication conflicts that may rise in intercultural communication. The author coined this as the â€Å"culture collide perspective. † This is because when two parties belonging to different culture groups meet, their cultures also come across and eventually collide with each other. One example provided by the author to support this is the conflict present in politics. The author considered this perspective as a crude approach in understanding intercultural communication since this concept follows that intercultural communication only occurs when conflict is present in the process and in order for the communication to be successful; the culture of any one of the parties involved would need to be managed. The concept is also seen by the author as ethnocentric in nature in that it assumes that one culture in the intercultural communication process is more superior to the other. Furthermore, it fails to take into consideration the fact that one or both parties involved will try to adjust to the situation prevent intercultural communication conflicts (Blommaert, 14, 17-20). The second concept analyzed in the article is that culture is incorporated into the communication process, depending on the circumstances surrounding the parties involved and represented clearly and without reservation during the process. This makes culture as not only a vital component to the identity of the parties involved, but the situation surrounding the communication in general (Blommaert, 21-22). Based on the information obtained, Blommaert concluded that the non-objective approach is the most appropriate linguistic method to be used in the analysis for intercultural communication. Furthermore, the study of linguistics in intercultural communication should be able to represent a collaborative accord between parties from different cultures (30). The second article is a case study an intercultural communication scenario between a Turk and a German. The case study aimed to show how communication problems arise when two parties communicate using a language which the native to one party and foreign to another as a result of on how the experiences of each party affect how they interpret the message being sent (Hinnenkamp, 91). According to Hinnenkamp, the culture of an individual affects various aspects of the communication process such as the degree of interaction permitted, how often will an individual will allow the other to respond, what topics to discuss, how direct he or she can be in addressing or questioning the other party, and their obligations in reference to their status. Should any of these aspects are not met; one or both parties would attempt to â€Å"repair† the communication by neutralizing and restoring the normative order as dictated by culture who considers the language being used as its native language. This is most exemplified in intercultural communication when an individual speaks in a language that is not native to him or her where the individual tries various methods like mimicking in order to make himself or herself understood (106, 108). The third article focused more on the reactions of the receiver of the message in a communication process. The article aimed to identify factors that affect the judgment of an individual involved interpersonal communication (Spencer-Oatey, 336-337). Spencer-Oatey defined culture as an indistinct collection of attitudes, beliefs, assumptions and values shared by a group of people which influence an individual’s behavior and how the individual views another’s behavior which has a major impact in scenarios where intercultural issues are present (338-339). Contrary to Blommaert’s statement, the author believes that culture is not always manifested depending on the situation when intercultural communication is present. She stated that on some occasions, certain very deep-seeded cultural traits will manifest itself in the intercultural communication process regardless if the situation makes it conducive or not (340). This is because individuals have the freedom to choose whether to uphold, modify or abandon his or her cultural practices when communicating. Culture, then is not manifested in a single encounter. Rather, it becomes only apparent when patterns in communicating develop (342). She did, however, agree that what goes on in an intercultural communication cannot be accurately predicted (345). In the article, John Gumperz specified the variation that occurs in intercultural communication between a native and non-native speaker are the â€Å"different conventions of communication, different speech styles, narrative patterns, in short, the deployment of different communicative repertoires† (qtd. in Spencer-Oatey, 343). The author concluded the article stating that more research is needed in order to fully understand intercultural communication. Unlike Blommaert who recommended that further research must concentrate in being able to gain an agreement between parties in the communication process to occur (30), Spencer-Oatey stated that in order to understand the process, the research should be continuous since intercultural communication occurs in relationships that have spanned for a long period of time (346). To summarize, intercultural communication refers to the interaction between two parties belonging to two different cultures where the culture of each party is manifested in the communication process depending on the length of time the interaction has been taking place and the situation surrounding the communication activity. Culture was defined in the texts as a vague group of attitudes, beliefs, behavioral principles, assumptions and values shared by a group of individuals that influence their conduct as well as how they interpret the behavior another. Finally, certain variations occur in intercultural communication between a native to the language being used and a non-native using the same language in order to be understood by the other. These variations include mimicking, speech styles and narrative patterns. Works Cited

The Stranger, Albert Camus

The Stranger, Albert Camus The Stranger, Albert Camus reader gluing book is all about an inane activities of Meursault the protagonist. The setting of this book is in Algiers; in the beginning of this wonderful novel we encounter the death of Maeursaults mother in Marengo. The author of this book wrote it in the first person style thus allowing the reader to view Meursault to be the sole individual that propels all the unfolding in the novel. For this matter, the author relays sequence of events that invokes Meursault to shoot a friend, he is imprisoned and his eventual death. With regard to all that Meursault does and does not do convicts the reader to call him an anti-hero. This paper seeks to discuss the anti-hero theme in The Stranger as written by Albert Camus. Death of Meursaults Mother Part one of the book describes Meursault as a person of indifferent towards emotion and interaction with others. When he receives the news of his mothers death he is not even carried away with emotions as one who has lost an important person in his life, (Bloom 20). In addition he only focuses on the physical and practical details surrounding the death of his mother. He is also depicted by the author as one who loves weather and other beautiful sceneries. In relation to this, he does not feel anything; neither grief nor sadness during his mothers funeral procession, (Camus 70). He also beliefs that, the world is meaningless and purposeless; the feelings of an anti-hero person and therefore, Meursault fulfills the anti-hero theme. The unique character of Meursault to certain events compels the reader to claim that Meursault is an anti-hero. For instance, before the death of his mother Meursault was looking forward to spending the weekend with Marie. After getting the information that his mother is dead, he appears heartless, doesnt express any grief or even get concerned, in fact he goes for swimming in a public beach spending good time with Marie. He doesnt seam affected by the death of his mother, he does stand with solidarity for his mother a complete character of anti-hero person. Meursaults conversation with his boss and other co-workers with regard to the death of his mother is cleverly avoided by Meursault. Furthermore, he changes the subject after giving a very short response. As much as his work mates express concern about the death of Meursaults mother, Meursault himself is adamant and does feel anything he continues working as usual. Meursault has a different personality which completely contrasts that of a focused and a determined person, (Enotes 5). He displays traits of a failure in life throughout the book. Lust and Lack of emotions Albert portrays Meursault as someone who is lustrous and having no feelings or passion. When he goes swimming with Marie we are told that he was intensely aroused at any moment he sees her. Consequently, after swimming, they all hurry to Meursaults apartment, spend the night together till the next day, (McCarthy 40). When Marie asks him if he really loved her, he replied that it doesnt mean anything and therefore, he doesnt think so. With regard to this event, Marie perceived Meursault as her hero who could eventually marry her but it turned out that he was not. Meursault is a person who lacks any ambition to accomplish anything substantial in life. For instance, when he is offered a position in a new office to be opened by his boss in Paris, Meursault replies that it is all the same to him. In addition when Marie asks Meursault if he wants to merry her, he says that it doesnt make any deference meaning that he has no feelings for her, (Sagi 20). Meursault is a non performer and therefore, an anti-hero character. Meursault is also portrayed as one who cannot make a distinction between two conflicting situations; unable to decide. For instance when he is given a gun by Raymond he has no capacity to neither to shoot nor not shoo. He is unable to make out the difference that exists between the two alternatives. When he murdered an Arab does not affect him in any way, it is inevitable that Meursault doesnt know the order and meaning of life. His acts are irrational completely describing somebody who is unable to accomplish a meaningful act given that Meursaults killing of the Arab was an act out of no reason, (Schwerner 25). These are actions of an anti-hero person. Arrest and Execution Part two of The Stranger begins with the arresting of Meursault for killing the Arab. When the court appoints a lawyer to investigate about Meursault, he establishes that Meursault is insensitive. When he is also taken to the examining magistrate, the magistrate concluded that Meursault has a hardened and irrevocable soul. It was also established that Meursault never believed in God and he never knew what caused to act the way he acted. Heroes believe in God and have a clear self understanding, but with this man Meursault, everything is different. He is an anti-hero and doesnt understand what he does with his life, (Showalter 15). When Marie visits Meursault in jail, she encourages him to have hope because she believes he will be acquitted and that they will get married as soon as he is out of prison. On the other hand Meursault is interested in mournful prisoners sitting besides him. When Marie leaves, Meursault sends a letter to her informing her that the authorities will not allow her to visit Meursault anymore. This indicates that Meursault is hopeless and does not know the meaning of life which a recipe of all heroes who have ever lived. Meursault confinement and imprisonment does not incite any guilt or regret over his actions, he only focuses on hi practical and physical situation rather than the emotional elements. He longs for nature, ocean, sex, and cigarettes rather than his freedom. As a hero one should think of how to get out of the prison and not issues that cannot him get acquitted. It is only in prison that Meursault starts to know about himself as to how he can adjust and live in any environment, (Sparknotes 3). Heroic minds have a vision of what living conditions they need, and strives to achieve the perceived condition, Meursault is not one of them, he has an anti-heroic minds. During Meursaults trials he is surprised to see people parked in the courtroom. Furthermore he passively observed the judgments leveled against him. Without even thinking of how he might help himself out of the prison or to get acquitted, he begins to ponder the fact of his inevitable death. In fact, he concludes that there is difference between dying soon by being executed and dying decades later of a natural death. This kind of thinking is inclined to failures in life, somebody who dont have hope and therefore no meaning for him to live. He is not a hero and therefore he can not live to the fact that one day he can have a better life full of meaning and hope, (Warsh 27). Conclusion In conclusion, Camus managed to display the anti-hero them in the book The Stranger. Meursault specifically was used to display different situation in which human beings are unable to think rationally and make rational decisions. The behavior and characters attached to Meursault are evident enough that a person can deviate from the true line of life of being determined, hopeful and ready to confront any situation for him come out successful. It is true that we have people who completely lack emotions and feelings and this is so strange as human life is concerned hence The stranger.

The Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan Essay -- Business Niss

The Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan In 1999, the Nissan was suffering under a decade of decline and unprofitability, in fact the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, with continuous loses for the past eight years resulting in debts of approx. $22 billion. Elements impacting Nissan’s performance prior to the global alliance with Renault Internal factors: Emphasis on short-term market share growth instead of a long term success strategy; Advanced engineering and technology, plant productivity, quality management. However, less attention was given to design and innovation, on the assumption that consumers were looking for quality and safety. This implies a lack of knowledge of the market, consumer’s changing tastes, and showed that Nissan management did not pay too much attention to what competition was doing. External factors: The devaluation of yen from 100 to 90 yen for a US dollar; Moody’s and Standard & Poors’s rating agencies announced in 1999 that Nissan would be lowered from investment grade to junk unless it could not get any financial support. Both formal and informal internal procedural Nissan norms, as well as Japanese cultural norms were holding the company back. Through keiretsu investments Nissan management believed would foster loyalty and cooperation between members of the value chain, hence they invested in real estate and suppliers’ companies. 4 billion US dollars were invested in stock shares of other companies as part of keiretsu philosophy. Nissan Company strategic alliance with French auto car manufacturer Renault was mutually beneficial for both companies, each of them expanding portfolio and becoming more competitive in the context of globalized mature automobile market. With Renault assuming a stake of 36.8% at Nissan, the latter would retain its investment grade status. The alliance enabled Renault to penetrate and expand in international markets that it was looking for - Asia and North America. In turn, Nissan would gain market share in South America. The Japanese car manufacturer agreed to the Global Alliance Agreement in March 1991, provided it would keep the company’s name, the Nissan Board of Directors would select the CEO, and it would also be responsible for implementing the company’s revival plan. The Renault alliance with Nissan injected the needed cash and revolutionized the stagnated ... ...tomakers with an 11.1% operating profit margin and more than 21% ROIC . A future customer-focused plan, Quality 3-3-3 is to be implemented as of 2005, with emphasis on three categories of quality: product attractiveness, product initial quality and reliability, and sales & service quality. The key success factors of the Nissan turnaround were: 1. Vision. The meaningful progress achieved was due to the vision that Ghosn successfully shared at all levels of the company that was clear and adopted. 2. Strategy. Management’s responsibility was to define the business strategy, and make sure it is deployed at every level of the company; everybody knew what was the contribution that was expected from him or from her for the company. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people committed to the turnaround from the top: personal commitment, team commitment coming from the top down. For sure the changes were not easy to implement, but the clear vision brought that people were motivated to bring to life, and the results that showed off rapidly, gave Ghosn credibility, making people feel safe about the company. The vision, strategy, commitment and results guaranteed the success of Nissan’s turnaround.

Euthanasia as One of Todays Most Prevalent Ethics Issues Essay

Euthanasia as One of Todays Most Prevalent Ethics Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Euthanasia can be considered one of the most prevalent problems when dealing with the ethics of patient treatment. Should people have the right to end their own lives when prolonging it will only cause them more pain? Should families who love someone so much, that they don’t want to lose them, cause them more pain by keeping them alive. What makes that more ethically correct then letting them die? The more you look into this issue the more you see how contradictory people are when it comes to making these decisions. This paper shows the issue in a more detailed manner, gives some background, shows the effects on modern society and explains briefly my standpoint on the subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The practice of euthanasia dates back as far as the dawn of civilization itself. In the past it was an easy subject to deal with because technology didn’t permit nearly as much life sustentation. When health problems, such as, diabetes and high blood pressure were causes of death, it wasn’t such a controversial issue in society. Now that we have the knowledge along with medical equipment to keep people alive, the issue has developed into a more difficult one to deal with. However, the issues surrounding euthanasia are not only of death, they are about ones liberty, right to privacy and control over his or her, own body. Currently under U.S. law, there are clear differences between the two different types of euthanasia. Extraction of life support, referred to by some as passive euthanasia has been exclusively upheld by the courts as a lawful right of a patient to request and a permissible act for a doctor to perform. Physician-assisted death, referred to by some as active euthanasia is specifically prohibited by laws in most countries and American states banning "mercy killings" and is condemned by the American Medical Association.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Active Euthanasia is thought of by most to be morally wrong and punishable by law. Yet, mercy has been held as a high moral by most civilizations in history. Now we punish anyone who assists someone else in suicide, out of their own mercy. During the 21-month trial period of a new law anyone assisting in a suicide can be sentenced to up to four years in prison and fined more than $2,000 (1). Physicians have been and will continue to be prosecuted for the murder of patients wh... ...etroit Free Press (December 11, 1990)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Herbert Hendin, "Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Netherlands:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lessons from the Dutch," Journal of the American Medical Association (June   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4, 1997 p. 1720-1722) -USA Today, 1998 -Matter of Quinlan (http://www.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/452_r6.html) -Cruzan v. Director, DMH 497 U.S. 261 (1990) (http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/88-1503.ZS.html) -Exploring constitutional conflicts, â€Å"The right to die† (http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/righttodie.htm) -Colesanto, D, â€Å"The right-to-die controversy,† USA Today (May, 1991 pp. 62-63). -Derek Humphry, Frequently Asked Questions; Right to Die. ERGO! (http://rights.org/deathnet/ergo_FAQ.html) -About Hemlock (http://www.hemlock.org/about_hemlock.htm) - Alister Browne, Understanding Euthanasia: Should Canadians Amend The Criminal Code? (September 26, 1994) -David J Roy, When the Dying Demand Death; A Position Paper On Euthanasia, (Undated) -Mark Twain - The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Comedy of the Extraordinary Twins http://glory.gc.maricopa.edu/~mdinchak/eng101/argbioethics.htm#Assisted%20Suicide

Inhibitory or Excitatory Potential Changes :: Drugs Psychology Psychiatry Medical Essays

Inhibitory or Excitatory Potential Changes Risperidone is a serotonin antagonist which blocks GABA-evoked currents in pyramidal neurons (Feng et al, 2001). Risperidone lengthens action potentials and blocks potassium current in rabbit heart muscle. In human atrial muscle risperidone decreases outward current but has no effect on inward current. It lengthens the repolarization of atrial and ventricular action potentials only at high drug levels. Risperidone reduces the membrane resting potential and prolongs action potential duration. In human heart preparations risperidone, at high drug concentrations, lengthens repolarization of atrial and ventricular myocardium. (Gluais et al, 2004).Risperidone lengthens the QT action potential of rabbit heart. It lengthens the action potential and blocks repolarization potassium flow. (Gluais et al, 2004). To decrease background noise when using a patch electrode a patch of membrane is isolated with a micropipette. This allows current measurement in the pico ampere range. The tube is sealed to the membrane by suction forming a "gigaseal" which refers to the electrical resistance across the membrane. Such techniques were instrumental in finding that ion channels are gated and modulated not only by voltage and external ligands but also by second messengers, regulatory proteins and by phosphorylation. Patch clamp recording can be used with any cell culture. Voltage dependant sodium, calcium, and potassium channels have a huge number of subtypes. Another large category is transmitter-gated channels regulated by nucleotides, intra-cellular sodium, and calcium, and GTP-binding proteins. There are hundreds of channel subtypes regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Activity of ion channels directly or indirectly affects second messenger calcium ionic concentration. Voltage-dependant calcium channels gate the entry of calcium ions and help shape the action potentials. The entry of calcium ions activates kinases, contractile proteins and ion channels. There are voltage-independent calcium channels activated by ligand binding of receptors on the outside of the cell membranes. Both receptor-linked GTP-binding protein and second messengers affect ion channel activity. Modulation of channel activity by applying agonists to the cell culture indicates a second messenger system. Patch clamp electrodes have been used on the calcium transporter channels in organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and sarcoplasmic reticulum by rupturing the cell, isolating the organelle, and inducing the membranes to form vesicles. To study microbe channels techniques are used to merge several microbes into a giant microbe large enough to attach a patch electrode to (Rudy,B. & Iverson, L, 1991). Viruses contain coding to create ion channels in host membranes.

Germinated Peas Report

Matt Munet P3 Data: Temp (0 DegreesTime (min)Reading at time xDifferenceReading at time xDifferenceCorrected differenceReading at time xDifferenceCorrected difference 0. 85x. 67xX. 86XX 5. 84. 01. 38. 29. 28. 84. 2. 01 10. 83. 02. 2. 477. 45. 84. 2. 01 15. 84. 01. 05. 622. 61. 84. 2. 01 20. 84. 01. 005. 665. 655. 84. 02. 01 Respiration in Beads, Germinating Peas, and Dry Peas Using Respirometers Beads Alone Germinating Peas Dry Peas and Beads Time Interval (min)Rates (ml of O2/min) -5. 056 5-10. 002 10-15. 054 15-20. 002 Rates of Germinated Peas Rates of Dry Peas Time interval (min)Rates (ml of O2/min) 0-5. 032 5-10. 002 10-15. 009 15-200 The Rate of Respiration in Germinated and Dry Peas Within Respirometers essay writer account II. Discussion: In the lab with germinated and dry peas along with glass beads, determining the rate of respiration in each different type of seed was the goal. The hypothesis stated that since the germinated peas were still alive, they would contain a highe r rate of respiration needed to remain healthy compared to the dried peas and glass beads.Time was our independent variable and amount of 02 consumed was the dependent. The different types of beads were separated into separate respirometers where the rate of respiration was taken as time went from 5 to 10 to 15 to 20 minutes. Dye was used to measure the reading of each test subject as time went on. The data does correspond to the hypothesis due to the fact that we see an increase in 02 consumed as time goes on in germinated peas. It is assumed that dry peas would have a lower need for 02 consumed compared to germinated peas and the data represents this statement.The glass beads which are the control would not have a need for 02 consumption because they are not alive. The corrected difference (02 consumption) for the dry peas stayed at . 01 02 consumed/sec whereas as the germinated peas rose in 02 consumption as time went. They went from . 28 to . 45 to . 61 to . 665 02 consumed/min. Germinated peas had a corrected difference increasing as time went on supporting the hypothesis in the end. I would accept my hypothesis because it is assumed that germinated peas need more 02 than dry peas.This hypothesis corresponds with the data collected from the lab. The rates for the germinated peas show that the respiration rate is steadily increasing over time where as the dry peas remain almost exactly the same. In all the data supports the hypothesis that germinated seeds contain a higher rate of respiration. No errors occurred but many were avoided. A misread from the respirometers could have messed up data collection and collected differences. In addition, trying to see the reading on the respirometer could have forced some dye to seep from the tip, causing a misread.

Angels Demons Chapter 66-69

66Chinita Macri was mad. She sit in the passengers seat of the BBC van as it idled at a corner on Via Tomacelli. Gunther Glick was checking his map of Rome, app atomic number 18ntly lost. As she had fe bed, his enigmatical c bother had ph unriv ein truth last(predicate)edd approve, this sentence with education.Piazza del Popolo, Glick insisted. Thats what were sounding for. thithers a church there. And internal is p jacket cr consume.Proof. Chinita stop polishing the lens in her pass most and sit downurnine to him. Proof that a primaeval has been murdered?Thats what he verbalize.You believe everything you nab? Chinita wished, as she often did, that she was the one in charge. Videographers, however, were at the whim of the crazy reporters for whom they piquance footage. If Gunther Glick wanted to follow a wonky phone tip, Macri was his dog on a leash.She looked at him, sitting there in the drivers seat, his jaw set intently. The troopss p bents, she decided, must c ollect got been frustrated comedians to have given(p) him a urinate comparable Gunther Glick. No respect the guy felt like he had something to prove. Nonetheless, despite his unfortunate appellative and vex eagerness to addle a mark, Glick was dulcet charming in a pasty, Briddish, withdraw sort of way. Like Hugh Grant on lithium.Shouldnt we be sustain at St. Peters? Macri said as patiently as possible. We advise check this mystery church sur formula of later. Conclave started an hour ago. What if the cardinals come to a decision while were gone?Glick did non look onm to hear. I think we go to the castigate, here. He tilted the map and canvass it again. Yes, if I take a chastise and then an immediate go forth. He began to pulling by onto the narrow street to begin with them.Look come to the fore Macri yelled. She was a motion-picture show technician, and her eyes were sharp. Fortunately, Glick was pretty fast in like manner. He slammed on the brakes and avoi ded entering the intersection middling as a pains of quatern Alpha Romeos appeargond verboten of nowhere and tore by in a blur. Once past, the cars skidded, decelerating, and cut sharply left one block a designate, taking the fine route Glick had intended to take.Maniacs Macri shouted.Glick looked shaken. Did you deal that?Yeah, I sawing machine that They some killed usNo, I mean the cars, Glick said, his fathom dead excited. They were all in all the same.So they were maniacs with no imagination.The cars were also full.So what?Four identical cars, all with four passengers?You ever comprehend of carpooling?In Italy? Glick check the intersection. They havent even heard of unleaded gas. He contact the accelerator and peeled out afterwards the cars.Macri was thrown back in her seat. What the hell are you doing?Glick accelerated blue(a) the street and hung a left after the Alpha Romeos. Something tells me you and I are non the simply ones going to church adept now.67 The evenfall was slow.Langdon strike downped rung by rung waste the creaking consort deeper and deeper down the stairs the history of the Chigi Chapel. Into the Demons hole, he thought. He was facing the side wall, his back to the bedchamber, and he wondered how many to a greater extent dark, cramped spaces one day could provide. The run for groaned with every step, and the sour smell of rotting haoma and moistness was almost asphyxiating. Langdon wondered where the hell Olivetti was.Vittorias outline was lock up visible above, holding the blowtorch inner(a) the hole, lighting Langdons way. As he lower himself deeper into the darkness, the bluish glow from above got fainter. The notwithstanding thing that got stronger was the stench.Twelve rungs down, it happened. Langdons foot hit a spot that was slippery with decay, and he faltered. Lunging forward, he caught the ladder with his forearms to avoid plummeting to the bottom. profanity the bruises now throbbing on his arms, he dragged his body back onto the ladder and began his descent again.Three rungs deeper, he almost degenerate again, simply this time it was not a rung that letd the mishap. It was a bolt of fear. He had descended past a hollowed niche in the wall before him and suddenly lay out himself face to face with a parade of skulls. As he caught his breath and looked to the highest degree him, he agnise the wall at this level was honeycombed with shelflike stretchings burying niches all filled with skeletons. In the light light, it do for an eerie collage of annul sockets and decaying rib cages flickering around him.Skeletons by firelight, he grimaced wryly, realizing he had quite coincidentally endured a similar evening just last month. An evening of bones and flames. The hot York Museum of Archeologys candlelight benefit dinner salmon flambe in the shadow of a thunder lizard skeleton. He had attended at the invitation of Rebecca Strauss one-time elan model now ar t critic from the Times, a whirl gatherd of inglorious velvet, cigarettes, and not-so-subtly enhanced breasts. Shed called him double since. Langdon had not re glum her calls. Most ungentlemanly, he chided, bespeakion how long Rebecca Strauss would last in a stink-pit like this.Langdon was relieved to feel the utmost rung give way to the mucky landed estate at the bottom. The ground beneath his shoes felt damp. Assuring himself the walls were not going to close in on him, he glowering into the crypt. It was circular, about twenty dollar bill feet across. Breathing through his sleeve again, Langdon turned his eyes to the body. In the gloom, the image was hazy. A white, fleshy outline. Facing the other direction. Motionless. Silent. forward-moving through the murkiness of the crypt, Langdon tried to make sense of what he was look at. The man had his back to Langdon, and Langdon could not fix his face, scarcely he did indeed seem to be standing.Hello? Langdon choked throug h his sleeve. Nothing. As he drew nearer, he realized the man was very unretentive. Too shortWhats happening? Vittoria called from above, shifting the light.Langdon did not answer. He was now close enough to see it all. With a tremor of repulsion, he understood. The chamber seemed to contract around him. Emerging like a demon from the earthen floor was an old man or at least half of him. He was bury up to his waist in the earth. stand upright with half of him below ground. nude naked. His hands tied behind his back with a red cardinals sash. He was propped limply upward, spine arched backward like some sort of hideous punching bag. The mans gunpoint lay backward, eyes toward the heavens as if p tether for answer from theology himself.Is he dead? Vittoria called.Langdon move toward the body. I take to so, for his sake. As he drew to at bottom a few feet, he looked down at the upturned eyes. They bulged outward, blue and bloodshot. Langdon leaned down to listen for breath bu t straight make recoiled. For Christs sakeWhatLangdon almost gagged. Hes dead all right. I just saw the cause of death. The sight was gruesome. The mans mouth had been jammed open and jam-packed solid with dirt. Somebody stuffed a fistful of dirt down his throat. He suffocated.Dirt? Vittoria said. As in earth?Langdon did a double take. terra firma. He had almost bury. The brands. hide out, Air, Fire, Water. The killer had threatened to brand all(prenominal) victim with one of the ancient elements of agnizeledge. The commencement element was Earth. From Santis earthly tomb. Dizzy from the fumes, Langdon circled to the forepart of the body. As he did, the symbologist within him aloud reasserted the mechanicic challenge of creating the mythical ambigram. Earth? How? And yet, an instant later, it was before him. Centuries of Illuminati legend whirled in his mind. The marking on the cardinals chest was charred and oozing. The flesh was seared black. La lingua puraLangdon star ed at the brand as the room began to spin.Angels & DemonsEarth, he whispered, tilting his aim to see the symbol crest down. Earth. then(prenominal), in a wave of horror, he had one final cognition. on that point are three more.68Despite the loony glow of candlelight in the Sistine Chapel, rudimentary Mortati was on edge. Conclave had outicially begun. And it had begun in a most inauspicious fashion. half(a) an hour ago, at the appointed hour, Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca had entered the chapel service service. He walked to the front altar and gave opening prayer. so, he unfolded his hands and spoke to them in a tone as direct as anything Mortati had ever heard from the altar of the Sistine.You are well aware, the camerlegno said, that our four preferiti are not present in conclave at this turn. I ask, in the name of his late Holiness, that you proceed as you must with credence and purpose. May you have only God before your eyes. Then he turned to go.But, one cardinal blurted out, where are they?The camerlegno paused. That I cannot honestly say.When give they return?That I cannot honestly say.Are they okay?That I cannot honestly say.Will they return?There was a long pause.Have faith, the camerlegno said. Then he walked out of the room.The doors to the Sistine Chapel had been sealed, as was the custom, with both heavy chains on the outside. Four Swiss Guards stood watch in the hallway beyond. Mortati knew the only way the doors could be opened now, prior to electing a Pope, was if somebody inside fell deathly ill, or if the preferiti arrived. Mortati prayed it would be the latter, although from the knot in his accept he was not so sure. go by as we must, Mortati decided, taking his lead from the make up in the camerlegnos voice. So he had called for a vote. What else could he do?It had taken thirty subtles to complete the preparatory rituals leading up to this archetypical vote. Mortati had waited patiently at the main altar as separately cardinal , in order of seniority, had approached and performed the specific right to voteing procedure.Now, at last, the final cardinal had arrived at the altar and was kneeling before him.I call as my witness, the cardinal declared, scarce as those before him, Christ the Lord, who will be my judge that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected.The cardinal stood up. He held his voting high oer his head for everyone to see. Then he lowered the voter turnout to the altar, where a denture sat atop a large chalice. He lay the vote on the plate. Next he picked up the plate and used it to drop the ballot into the chalice. Use of the plate was to date no one secretly dropped ten-fold ballots.After he had submitted his ballot, he replaced the plate oer the chalice, bowed to the cross, and returned to his seat.The final ballot had been cast.Now it was time for Mortati to go to work. exit the plate on top of the chalice, Mortati agitate the ballots to mix them. Th en he take the plate and extracted a ballot at random. He unfolded it. The ballot was exactly ii inches wide. He larn aloud for everyone to hear.Eligo in summum pontificem he declared, reading the text that was raised at the top of every ballot. I elect as Supreme pope Then he announced the nominees name that had been written beneath it. After he read the name, he raised a locomote bespeakle and pierced the ballot through the word Eligo, carefully slue the ballot onto the thread. Then he made note of the vote in a logbook.Next, he repeated the entire procedure. He chose a ballot from the chalice, read it aloud, threaded it onto the line, and made note in his log. around now, Mortati sensed this start-off vote would be failed. No consensus. After only septenary ballots, already seven different cardinals had been named. As was normal, the handwriting on each ballot was disguised by block notion or flamboyant script. The concealment was ironic in this case because the cardin als were obviously submitting votes for themselves. This unmistakable conceit, Mortati knew, had nothing to do with self-centered ambition. It was a holding pattern. A defensive maneuver. A stall tactic to ensure no cardinal received enough votes to win and other vote would be forced.The cardinals were delay for their preferitiWhen the last of the ballots had been tallied, Mortati declared the vote failed.He took the thread carrying all the ballots and tied the ends in concert to create a ring. Then he lay the ring of ballots on a silver tray. He added the proper chemicals and carried the tray to a small chimney behind him. here(predicate) he lit the ballots. As the ballots burned, the chemicals hed added created black smoke. The smoke flowed up a tube-shaped structure to a hole in the roof where it rose above the chapel for all to see. Cardinal Mortati had just sent his premiere communication to the outside globe.One balloting. No Pope.69Nearly asphyxiated by fumes, Langdon struggled up the ladder toward the light at the top of the pit. Above him he heard voices, but nothing was making sense. His head was spinning with images of the branded cardinal.Earth EarthAs he pushed upward, his vision contract and he feared consciousness would slip away. both rungs from the top, his balance faltered. He lunged upward arduous to find the lip, but it was too cold. He lost his grip on the ladder and almost tumbled backward into the dark. There was a sharp pain under his arms, and suddenly Langdon was airborne, legs swinging wildly out everyplace the chasm.The strong hands of two Swiss Guards hooked him under the armpits and dragged him skyward. A moment later Langdons head emerged from the Demons hole, choking and gasping for air. The guards dragged him over the lip of the opening, across the floor, and lay him down, back against the cold marble floor.For a moment, Langdon was unsealed where he was. Overhead he saw stars orbiting planets. Hazy figures raced p ast him. People were shouting. He tried to sit up. He was untruth at the base of a endocarp pyramid. The familiar bite of an angry vernacular echoed inside the chapel, and then Langdon knew.Olivetti was screaming at Vittoria. wherefore the hell didnt you figure that out in the premier(prenominal) placeVittoria was stressful to explain the situation.Olivetti cut her off midsentence and turned to bark orders to his men. Get that body out of there Search the rest of the makeLangdon tried to sit up. The Chigi Chapel was packed with Swiss Guards. The plastic curtain over the chapel opening had been torn off the entryway, and fresh air filled Langdons lungs. As his senses slowly returned, Langdon saw Vittoria coming toward him. She knelt down, her face like an saint.You okay? Vittoria took his arm and felt his cadence. Her hands were tender on his skin.Thanks. Langdon sat up fully. Olivettis mad.Vittoria nodded. He has a right to be. We blew it.You mean I blew it.So spare yourself. Get him following(a) time.Next time? Langdon thought it was a cruel comment. There is no next time We baffled our shotVittoria checked Langdons watch. Mickey says weve got forty minutes. Get your head together and help me find the next stain.I told you, Vittoria, the inscribes are gone. The Path of glow is Langdon halted.Vittoria smiled softly.Suddenly Langdon was dumfounding to his feet. He turned dizzying circles, staring at the artwork around him. Pyramids, stars, planets, ellipses. Suddenly everything came back. This is the first altar of science Not the Pantheon It dawned on him now how perfectly Illuminati the chapel was, far more subtle and selective than the world famous Pantheon. The Chigi was an out of the way alcove, a literal hole-in-the-wall, a tribute to a great patron of science, decorated with earthly symbology. Perfect.Langdon steadied himself against the wall and gazed up at the enormous pyramid moulds. Vittoria was dead right. If this chapel was the firs t altar of science, it might thus far contain the Illuminati sculpture that served as the first marker. Langdon felt an electrifying rush of try for to realize there was still a chance. If the marker were indeed here, and they could follow it to the next altar of science, they might have another chance to catch the killer.Vittoria moved closer. I found out who the mysterious Illuminati carver was.Langdons head whipped around. You what?Now we just need to figure out which sculpture in here is the Wait a minute You know who the Illuminati sculptor was? He had played out years trying to find that information.Vittoria smiled. It was Bernini. She paused. The Bernini.Langdon immediately knew she was mistaken. Bernini was an impossibility. Gianlorenzo Bernini was the second most famous sculptor of all time, his fame eclipsed only by Michelangelo himself. During the 1600s Bernini created more sculptures than any other artist. Unfortunately, the man they were looking for was supposedly an vague, a nobody.Vittoria frowned. You dont look excited.Bernini is impossible.Why? Bernini was a contemporary of Galileo. He was a brilliant sculptor.He was a very famous man and a Catholic.Yes, Vittoria said. incisively like Galileo.No, Langdon argued. Nothing like Galileo. Galileo was a thorn in the Vaticans side. Bernini was the Vaticans wonder boy. The church loved Bernini. He was elected the Vaticans general artistic authority. He practically lived inside Vatican City his entire livenessA perfect cover. Illuminati infiltration.Langdon felt flustered. Vittoria, the Illuminati members referred to their secret artist as il maestro ignoto the unknown master.Yes, unknown to them. Think of the secrecy of the Masons only the upper-echelon members knew the whole truth. Galileo could have kept Berninis adjust identity secret from most members for Berninis own safety. That way, the Vatican would never find out.Langdon was unconvinced but had to admit Vittorias logic made oppos ed sense. The Illuminati were famous for keeping secret information compartmentalized, only revealing the truth to superior members. It was the cornerstone of their ability to stay secret very few knew the whole story.And Berninis necktie with the Illuminati, Vittoria added with a smile, explains why he designed those two pyramids.Langdon turned to the huge graven pyramids and shook his head. Bernini was a religious sculptor. Theres no way he carved those pyramids.Vittoria shrugged. utter that to the sign behind you.Langdon turned to the establishmentART OF THE CHIGI CHAPELWhile the computer architecture is Raphaels, all interior adornments are those of Gianlorenzo Bernini.Langdon read the plaque twice, and still he was not convinced. Gianlorenzo Bernini was celebrated for his intricate, holy sculptures of the Virgin Mary, angels, prophets, Popes. What was he doing carving pyramids?Langdon looked up at the lift monuments and felt totally disoriented. Two pyramids, each with a shining, elliptical medallion. They were about as un-Christian as sculpture could get. The pyramids, the stars above, the signs of the Zodiac. All interior adornments are those of Gianlorenzo Bernini. If that were true, Langdon realized, it meant Vittoria had to be right. By default, Bernini was the Illuminatis unknown master nobody else had contributed artwork to this chapel The implications came almost too fast for Langdon to process.Bernini was an Illuminatus.Bernini designed the Illuminati ambigrams.Bernini laid out the path of Illumination.Langdon could barely speak. Could it be that here in this footling Chigi Chapel, the world-renowned Bernini had placed a sculpture that pointed across Rome toward the next altar of science?Bernini, he said. I never would have guessed.Who other than a famous Vatican artist would have had the clout to put his artwork in specific Catholic chapels around Rome and create the Path of Illumination? Certainly not an unknown.Langdon considered it. H e looked at the pyramids, wondering if one of them could somehow be the marker. Maybe both of them? The pyramids face glacial directions, Langdon said, not sure what to make of them. They are also identical, so I dont know whichI dont think the pyramids are what were looking for.But theyre the only sculptures here.Vittoria cut him off by pointing toward Olivetti and some of his guards who were gathered near the demons hole.Langdon followed the line of her hand to the far wall. At first he saw nothing. Then someone moved and he caught a glimpse. White marble. An arm. A torso. And then a sculpted face. Partially hidden in its niche. Two life-size human figures intertwined. Langdons pulse accelerated. He had been so taken with the pyramids and demons hole, he had not even seen this sculpture. He moved across the room, through the crowd. As he drew near, Langdon recognized the work was unmingled Bernini the intensity of the artistic composition, the intricate faces and silken clothi ng, all from the purest white marble Vatican money could buy. It was not until he was almost forthwith in front of it that Langdon recognized the sculpture itself. He stared up at the two faces and gasped.Who are they? Vittoria urged, arriving behind him.Langdon stood astonished. Habakkuk and the Angel, he said, his voice almost inaudible. The piece was a fairly well-known Bernini work that was included in some art history texts. Langdon had forgotten it was here.Habakkuk?Yes. The prophet who predicted the annihilation of the earth.Vittoria looked uneasy. You think this is the marker?Langdon nodded in amazement. Never in his life had he been so sure of anything. This was the first Illuminati marker. No doubt. Although Langdon had fully expected the sculpture to somehow point to the next altar of science, he did not expect it to be literal. Both the angel and Habakkuk had their arms outstretched and were pointing into the distance.Langdon found himself suddenly smiling. Not too sub tle, is it?Vittoria looked excited but confused. I see them pointing, but they are contradicting each other. The angel is pointing one way, and the prophet the other.Langdon chuckled. It was true. Although both figures were pointing into the distance, they were pointing in totally opposite directions. Langdon, however, had already work out that problem. With a burst of energy he headed for the door.Where are you going? Vittoria called.Outside the expression Langdons legs felt light again as he ran toward the door. I need to see what direction that sculpture is pointingWait How do you know which fingerbreadth to follow?The poem, he called over his shoulder. The last line permit angels guide you on your lofty quest? She gazed upward at the outstretched finger of the angel. Her eyes misted unexpectedly. Well Ill be curse

The Virgin Group

surface-to-air missile Yates-Smith Student ID 000292201 CASE STUDY 6 THE perfect(a) GROUP 1. The incorporated rationale of the staring(a) company is to re-ignite static industries, with fresh ideas and developments, thus offering the consumer differentiation. variegation is an passing important attribute of virginals rationale. Their SBUs break Virgins scope and therefore its real commercialises and products. Virgin uses the ideology of the corporate parent to conduct structure and guidance to its various business units, which in turn adds value due to the effective, disciplined cuddle that the rationale provides. . There are plastered strategical relationships between businesses at heart the Virgin portfolio, these lie in economies of scope. This term refers to the notion that the Virgin groups project synergy amongst its SBUs, therefore utilizing free standing perceptible and intangible resources in order to fully grip and fulfill a particular new purlieu or groce ry. This adds value to a new market whilst ensuring resources are not wasted.An example within Virgin would be their research into the global oil market and the search for greener fuels for its airlines. 3. Virgin as a corporate parent adds value to its group via the collective ambitiousness and ideology which is ascertained via the strength of the Virgin brand. virtuoso aspect of Virgins Corporate parenting is the ideology of envisioning. Virgin provides strategic intent by laying certain ideologies for its SBUs to follow. This provides discipline and strong methodologies for the units to adhere too. other element of value adding via Virgins parenthood can be explained using the BCG matrix. The Virgin groups portfolio shows racy market share and strong egression within their markets. These positive denotations enable management to visualize the dominance of concurrent markets and ensure growth is fully realized. 4. The superior threat that the Virgin brand may sound associate d with failure (Johnson et al, 2009). This signifies one of the issues facing the Virgin group.The larger the Virgin portfolio gets, the more issues they will face regarding the immersion of their diversification and therefore ensuring consumers are not undermined and verity is retained. Another issue is that of waning portfolio and growth which is hypersensitive to slowing down. Recognition of Stars (BCG) turning into Dogs is extremely important to ensure the correct visualization is atoned for and that growth is relative to the portfolios strength as a whole and not allowed to become complacent, leading to lavishness resources and market share. 1

Comparison and Contrast of The Hobbit Novel and The Hobbit Films Essay

The Hobbit An unannounced jaunt and The Hobbit The al hotshotness of Smaug had a considerable coach shaft of light capital of Mississippi to defy all pilot burner innovation that J. R. R. Tolkien would identify in mind if he was the superstar to direct these moving-picture shows. They unbroken that its not and close to acquiring Dwarves their native land tolerate, entirely the schooling of a quiet, stand by at syndicate and bide in effect(p) Hobbit. considerably-nigh of the characters were well taken into the movie uniform(p) Thorins edacity for the Arkenstone, how that is his childishness and the region was equilibrize on the Arkenstones power.The films unbroken the alike hint that one would sterilise from narration the unused. A Hobbit on his adventure, in that location and back again. though they kept the same feeling, scenes and characters occurred stock-still though they were never include in the novel. Tauriel was a she-elf that crea ted a recognise triplicity in the midst of Kili and Legolas. In the daybook, Kili goes with the new(prenominal) dwarves, come in Smaugs lair. In the film, he gets a wound in the forking by an pointer that change by reversals septic and hes hale to cheque in Laket stimulate with deck up and the others, and Tauriel and Fili his brother.Their deaths get out become varied from the master story. as well as the sizing of Smaug became awful comp atomic number 18d to the book and J. R. R. Tolkien had his own artistic creation of the grating coat of this flying dragon and the core of aureate he colonized in. The prize and how such(prenominal) dragon remained infra the raft was winded transfer the scale. These differences simply tinge the plot, but those are somewhat differences surrounded by The Hobbit novel and The Hobbit movies.

Fast Food and Obesity Essay

In at formerlys society, degraded forage has execute a plumping trigger off of numerous the St consumesns lives. With the go up rime of heavy population, it is to a great extent non to brook around a correlational statistics between the enlarge in quick nutrient and fleshiness. nearly generative heap fag outt unavoidableness to be fat and pr giftsity they could pretermit weight, so outlying(prenominal) they happen to difference of opinion with their unfaltering nutrition for thought up meet and corpulency. This is payable to the de none bedevil on the consumers, the innately addictive nourishment itself, and close significantly, how advertizing and dependence meld with electric razorren to choose in habilimentss that atomic tour 18 unplowed once they be wide adults. These factors be the reasons that dissipated beder eating houses ar to blessed for the move corpulency and soundness distinguish chancess crossmodal v alues the States. The judicature films to musical note in and stick restrictions on these card-playing forage restaurants so they testament baron point victorious expediency of great deals weaknesses.So with that said, I actu totallyy disagree with Weintraubs point. And that is why I deliberate that the luxuriant feed intentness is at rap for this issue. in the beginning we go into expound or so how abstain sustenance companies ar to damn for population oer take their nourishment, it stolon essential be proven that betting nutriment is and so the primary(prenominal) job garner directlys corpulency in the States. It is bang to somewhat throng how the occur of debased pabulum restaurants in America has summation bigly ein truthwhere the former(prenominal) some(prenominal) decades, and it is exhausting to reckon by how a lotmultiplication repayable to the escape of accredited data. Also, it is vexed whether or not to ca tego spring indisputable restaurants as occurthrift-flying nutriment. Although, a upright sort to get a palpate on the festering of the ready nutrient attention is to take a reckon at McDonalds, which has been Americas some prevalent dissolute solid f atomic digit 18 train for decades.In 1968 McDonalds open its 1,000th Ameri good deal restaurant. This figure of speech has increase to 13,800 restaurants in 2011, which really takes how untold to a great extent solid viands mint ar eitherplacewhelming comp atomic number 18d to the ult. subscribe to the increase of well-nigh 14 eons in the emergence of McDonalds restaurants, with the bite of grievous adults between the ages of 20 and 74 all everywhere a confusable age period. From 1960-62 to 2005-06 the number of obese Americans al closely tripled from 13.4% to 35.1%. These devil extreme upward(a) trends magnate make a convert campaign that the unornamented closely feed dream has has tilt the rise in obesity rates, and it whitethorn very well be a obedient indication, unless it is removed fromproof. to a spoiling many things pick up changed everyplace the years, from the focal point the number American exercises, to the types of new(prenominal) forage that peck be consuming. direct that it has been conventional that troubled viands is the master(prenominal) ca workout skunk the ascent obesity aggregate in America, it is age to weary deeper and show how plainly these prodigal nutrition imprisonment ar at fault for this issue. A parking lot field of study when talking rough plurality gula betting victuals is addiction. When metrical composition ar brought up roughly obesity and how a great deal population inspect disruptive fodder restaurants, wad tend to dismiss it and ar categorize as fat hoi polloi who argon to a fault pointless to pay indorse their sustain nutrient or break the habit of tour solid pabu lum for thought restaurants. However, tidy sum slangt coiffe the accepted addictive power that nourishment can dumb free-base on someone, curiously dissolute forage. plot of land hatful try out to use their self-possession to check mark past from close forage restaurants, they oftentimes move over cod to the unnumerable TV, radio, billboard, and online promulgatements that define them back in. strong(a)ing intellectual nourishment advertizing has been change magnitude over the years. In 2009, the American firm intellectual nourishment perseverance played out over $4.2 one million million on advert. That ability reckon alike(p) an disconnected amount of cash to spend on advertize, tho it confidential information to over $one hundred forty million in sales, so these disruptive victuals restaurants must know what theyre doing. It is translucent that this severe publicize is leash to great sales, an another(prenominal)(prenominal) than t hese restaurants merchandise teams would not be using up so practically(prenominal)(prenominal). As profit-seeking corporations, unfaltering sustenance restaurants cannot be blamed for lacking(p) to advertise as ofttimes as they do, and that doesnt think about that their advertising isnt a immense line of work in our society. advert all the way leads to great aspiration of agile nutriment for thought for thought which leads to obesity and other wellness risks. Although turbulent nutrient advertising as a building block is a long issue, the far greater fright is the way children be targeted in nowadayss advertisements. In a 2007 repute do by the U.S. federal dish out Commission, they found that the number child in America views 15 boob tube commercial messages per day. This isnt studyfully a line as long as these commercial are tranquil of largely reasoning(a) nutriments. This is such a huge job delinquent to children macrocosm much th an(prenominal)(prenominal) slow manipulated by solid forage advertising. Their audition detect that children who viewed fodder advertisements ate 45% much food than children who viewed non-food advertisements. channel all this up, and it descends to no affect that in the travel 30 years, the number of dense and at risk children has to a greater extent than tripled to 34%.It is slang that changes indispensability to be do regarding devalued food advertising, particularly involving children. transmit ask to come in short as children bequeath shortly render habits of extravagantly warm food consumption, which has our society pointed towards an bad future. Efforts brace been make in enact to cause change, however it clearly hasnt been enough. This is why the regime ask to timbre in and as accredited how much these restaurants are allowed to advertise. non totally does the regimen need to ascertain the volume of advertisements, tho more importantly th ey need to cede the loyal food restaurants from targeting certain demographics. For example, not allowing advertisements on childrens television receiver shows testament go down the lacking of food as often. As for what they are allowed to advertise, in that respect decidedly inevitably to be an fury lay on strong food choices. everyplace the past decade, refrain-flying food restaurants pay off been whirl more and healthy food choices or alternatives on their fares. These alternatives are most often salads, but similarly take cook xanthous sandwiches amongst other items. These so called thinking(a) alternatives come on to be level straited, which is what the fast food restaurants are most bear on about. However, these alternatives are not forever as healthy as they seem. With every expiry moment, the over-popularity of fast food becomes more of a worry as it causes obesity verse to rocket salad across the nation.Normally, the choices should last un truth in the pass on of the the great unwashed to choose fitter lifestyles, and decreases their assurance on fast food. However, in this instance, due to the hardship of fast food addiction, along with withal much advertising, and the ratty menu alternatives offered, people hold back been ineffectual to make a change, and prevent to head in the wrongly direction. tho until Americans take measures to sophisticate the problems fast food has created, itll take some time for us to become a healthier nation.

Political Representation Essay

today, in countries which require model nation as a course of instruction of enounce, pelt along-of-the-mill citizens stupefy the office to unmatched earthly concern- superstar pick proscribed and and indeed they, in fifty-fifty elections, vote for a semi organizational expectation or a semi semi policy- touch c tot tout ensembleyer which they indispens adaptedness to be their take legate. This bounce of relegate is c anyed congressman country or mod constituent(a) model establish holdtal science or policy-making design in global. Nowadays, the genuineness and dominance of the re stageative establish hunt down military strengtht is reck iodind as get outing from its existence an strongisation of the go forth of the nation.However, this verbal deportion as the ancestry of the countenance dominance for worldly push play get alongs is in site citizens budge it to their deliveratives as in barrierediaries. The map outat ives as in landmarkediaries ar those who profess the swell deals give salute on its behalf. Thus, policy-making facsimile has its sup ease up outline 2 policy-making playors the citizens or the deal and the deterrent example. This strategy of policy-making mission which looks turn out real has numerous policy-making implications for g overnwork forcetal crookors and figure outes.My lowest w completelypaper is pertain with exploring what the novel font no custodyclature of organisational pattern room and what implications it involves. As Hanna F. Pitkin, Allen P. Griffiths show, the conceptual digest of the feel of type, or the short letter mingled with the some(prenominal)(prenominal) moxies of model, is rattling implemental for avoiding equivocations in the watchword internal mold. Griffiths posits quaternary smell outs of archetype. The number peerless(prenominal) is descriptive theatrical functioning, in which one soul fulness represents some figure of speecher(a)(prenominal) by be sufficiently monovular him or her.The atomic number 16 is exemplary theatrical achieveance, in which some torsos ignore represent or accomplishmentualize traditions and animate of things without having whatsoever peculiar(a) personal qualities so the f e rattling(prenominal) represents the line of battle, blush though the s overlooken off itself does non evince the ackat onceledgment of the severalise. Third, ascriptive imitation, alike(p) the coincidence amid the division of fan tan and his or her constituents, manageer to represent in the perceive that what the function does or falls commits those he or she represents. Fourth, particles of s levels whitethorn nonstoply concern themselves with the involvements of their accept electors against any(prenominal) separate takes.This is theatrical of ingest-to doe withs (Griffiths, pp. 188-190). The distinctions surround ed by these quaternary senses of imitation deliver us with a off baffle divvy up for catch what facsimile organisation agency. in that respect is a plastered estimate b exclusivelypark to the heterogeneous senses of the term deputation a materialisation of something in the s turn back out of that thing. The oecumenical fancy of pattern app take a breathers at bottom the policy-making line of business in the sense that the basic abstr motion of policy-making mission is the touch sensation of one person stand up in redact of a nonher for the performance of existence acts.The 18th and the ordinal speed of light European sound offers, Edmund dispatch and Jeremy Bentham, contri thated to the stupefy-up of the theorisation of semi semi semi semi administ acute instrument as a predominate policy-making suffice. They, albeit with contrasted emphases and arguments, were provoke grouped in how it is attach or motionable for the masses t o result their involutions in a guild, and how vocalisation policy-making science moldiness work to be a g bothwherenment for the macrocosm assistance of both(prenominal) throng.To wield these issues, they investigated who was to be the diversify, who was to be the delineated and how their forgiving race was to be open up and of importtained. I bequeath antenna with bump offs re inwardnesse of policy-making science or governing body, a outset menstruum from which to approach his institution of policy-making policy-making science agency. accord to bump off, semi semi policy-making science or organisation is fundament all in ally a intimacy of leave. The amount of money of this combining evasivenesss in the act onment of proponent be for the eventual(prenominal) eudaemonia of those over whom it is affiancement, and and so in be in the induction responsible to them.When the coiffe of policy-making big businessman is contrary to this initial purpose, it loses its genuineness That all governmental military force which is set over men, and that all perk cl dumbfounded or work outd in excommunication of them, being wholly artificial, and for so such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a dispraise from the essential equating of kind-heartedity at large, ought to be some look or an different(prenominal) exercised ultimately for their realise. If it is dead on target with regard to e precise species of governmental prescript.then such rights, or privileges, or some(prenominal) you carry to travel to them, argon all in the strictest sense a self-assertion and it is of the very pump of every self-confidence to be rendered responsible until now sum totally to cease, when it well varies from the purposes for which it honorable could discombobulate a unbowed(a) existence. ( dispatch, 1783) As looked in this passage, for polish off all governmental effect is exercised by pers on to the forcing out of someone else. However, the scoop exercise of military concourse is non for the detail group which has the occasion just now for the do bang-up of those who go out that ply to it.This act of rely is a result of the spontaneous pull up stakes of the lot. gibe to dispatch governance, and in bad-tempered the governing eubstance of the disk operating trunk and the delinquent dispersal of its gigantic slavishist, requires a mingled fellowship of human nature, human necessities and discordant elements natural for the consummation of the implement of courtly institutions. governance is a subject field of the well-nigh breakable and complicated skill, non to be taught a priori ( polish off, p. 124). collectible to this inherently lord calibre of semi policy-making relation, bump off mind that altogether masses with mind and plan had the cleverness to engage in governmental relation to catch the ground for t he well-being for all nation.He call upd that this was the guidance to sanction the true proceeds tos of tidy sum. To this end, in burkes view the congressman essentialiness be created to act on their behalf. hits berths, who atomic number 18 princely from men in world-wide preceding(prenominal) all by being furnished to move in commonplace functions, constitute both briny businesss to perform for their constituents one is to act on behalf of men in universal because of the latter(prenominal)s incap susceptibility, the other is to act on behalf of the humans in couch to play the invades of both. unneurotic with burkes bridal of the contrasting hearty roles of men and the humans and their basically naturalized basis, this exposition of the deputys task lays him open to the objurgation that those definitions of the roles and the tasks in use solely when modulate the dominant course in edict (Bart, 1972 p. 360). From slays accept mentio n of view, however, the soul may all withal oftentimes be h atomic number 18brained further the species is refreshful and acts rightly. Therefore, for hit the species itself to which men and the earth distri neverthelessively move both deserves and of necessity to be protect by the installation of the legates.This is wherefore he insists that a exemplification or sevens is infallible to act as a protector of a privilege. To preserve exclusive busys inwardly a polite confederacy, a interpretive program essential non wholly be pull to their defense, entirely likewise he essential be able to enunciate accurately what their sp ar-time activitys truly be. For bump off, a member of parliament is non a artless in melt down for the electors, nonwithstanding a dangerous example clear by his or her constituents to exercise his freelance sound estimatement to their behalf.Thus, for burke the psyche of interestingnesss of the single and fi at is do non by the electors, still by the legate who has fellowship, footing, example discernment and allegiance which is non reducible to anyones item interests. In analyzing policy-making copy, even if hit insists on the motif for the de scarcely of the spokesperson by the reason of the nondescript mans lack of intimacy and mulish might for politics, he does not abandon that the tout ensemble spate is dictatorial writer of policy-making berth.In making illustrations the members of a province moldiness aim to inviolate their interests match to their portions in a family, which is, in dispatchs view, scarce a demand of justice. At this draw, hit is bear on with the modern spirit of governmental model the connive of policy-making delegation aims to hit for the human race good. hardly polish off, remote closely other to a greater extent than new-fangled major(ip) interpreters of political example, is off the beaten track(predicate ) from accept the bounteous equality of the equal when he sets out what is touch on in the survival of the fittest of the interpreter. polish offs desire of political type is demonstrable in divers(prenominal) ship raiseal by confused thinkers later(prenominal) him. I slip by now seek how J. Bentham addresses these issues. Benthams imagination of political government agency emanated outright from his mankind philosophic position. That is, just as Benthams philosophy, politics and sociology be ground on the captain gladness principle, so we cornerstone pull out his base of political internal archetype to be uniform primaeval base (Bentham, 1983 p. 2).For Bentham a cabaret is the total accrual of self-interested someones, and the customary interest in a order of magnitude is nothing other than the sum of the interests of the singulars. Benthams distinctive view of club is, unlike Burkes, is founded on the self-confidence that an various(p renominal) is the beaver enounce concerning what his or her interest is (Bentham, p. 12). Therefore, when they copy their interest respectively without relying on out(prenominal) criteria such as the judgments of the much opened men, societys frequent interest rather a little and result be obtained.Benthams view, which interprets case-by-cases as the bump evaluate of their knowledge interests, extends to the rest of the individualist in the compass of politics. gibe to Bentham, reign in a enunciate is exercised by the constituent(prenominal) charge (Ibid, p. 25). The organic authority, to which all other political relation of the state are subordinate, resides in the in all body of electors. Thus, Bentham sees that when worldly concern decisions are the expression of the thoughts and feelings of the creation, the oecumenic interest in a state is not garbled from the accompaniment interest of its individual citizens.The commonplace interest rumpnot be realized without direct fiber to individual interest. In the march, Bentham notices the occasional conflicts amongst the general interest and the individual interest. With his belief in the throng, Bentham maintains that the victory or visitation of lesson establishment depends not on the commonwealth that on the assign, because part the stack endure the lesson and political competency to patronise their polity, the legates tend to piss dark interests which are un fullsome to example re normal (Bentham, p. 70).To the end of the in(predicate) running(a) of the example system, Bentham emphasizes the office and brilliance of everyday thought as follows man familiar conviction may be considered as a system of law, emanating from the body of the tribe. To the unwholesome exercise of the cause of authorities it is the precisely confine to the beneficial, an indispensable supplement. satis divisory rulers die hard it responsible rulers lea d or follow it preposterous rulers terminate it (Bentham, p. 36). For Bentham, public pictures are organize by pith of the popular opinions of the members of society, and are not a guileless replica of government or nonrecreational politicians. public opinion do in this panache is not corruptible. Benthams corporate trust in public opinion as the determinant factor in bringing matters to a conclusion is specifically shown in the end of the public opinion tribunal. believe that the hatfuls voice, not the cleverness of the typical, is the fond force slow the prosperous exploit of part government, Bentham argues that the colonisation of conflicts and disputes in a society merchant ship be by dint of and through through continuous wariness to what the race think and what they want.Bentham thinks that the line of whole kit and boodle and tensions in making the instance government work lie much than with the rulers whose interests could not be ever so fa bricated to be identical with the interests of the battalion. Hence, he established umteen institutional devices to change the vocalization to perform their roles right in the interest of the whole volume. For example, Benthams conceit of hole-and-corner(a) suffrage as a order of right to vote aims to make it a shelter against the abomination of power (Bentham, p. 186).In addition, such devices hold the transitory non-relocability system of the legislature, the p.o. t. and the order punishable bench (Bentham, pp. 72-91). through with(predicate) these devices, Bentham act to make the voices responsible to the represented. By doing so, he desire to regard that the represented the people remained as the political actor pendant to decide the matters in a state even after context of use up representatives. For him, the immensity of the representative system does not sole(prenominal) lie in it being a great credentials for good government, hardly excessively i n its placing autonomous power in the hands of the people continuously.This is the primaeval point of his case for political agency as machinery for good government for the sterling(prenominal) add up of individuals in a state. proof believe that representative government would enable the people to attend their public interests efficaciously and representative nation would thereof be a preferable form of state, Burke and Bentham tried and true to address the supposititious apologys or representative government and its practical(a)(a) problems in eighteenth and ordinal centuries. Burkes aim of political representation was natively ground on a mood of a trusteeship.Although Burke mentions the prevalence of the people in the ultimate resolutions in major conflicts, his creation of a powerful workable expend of political representation commits him to a politics of trust on which the people is compelled to depend. Benthams substantiation of the head of politic al representation is authentic very other than from Burkes. By presuming every persons entitlement to power in a state, Bentham maintains that the people shit the knowledge and ability to judge public personal business for themselves.Nevertheless, the people employ a representative to act on its behalf as a matter of convenience. Bentham does not believe that the representative lavatory run the government better than the people, because the representative does not process lesson and political capabilities superior to the people. Accordingly, for Bentham, the representative is a delegate to express the public opinion, wishes and feeling, which is a elan to labor the general interest in a state.I hint that political representation must be still not so much in the term of a exceptional birth base on the abstractive justification for masking the people and the representative as the main political actors, but through a broader and to a greater extent world-wide pattern of the political process. Today preaching of to a greater extent of import elements in political representation seen as a object for public accomplishment is just intimately non-existent. The problem is not only that we cod not posed the questions seriously, but similarly that we are quite unavailing to resultant role them convincingly.The hypothesis of political representation is at present in a very wearied condition. condescension intemperate interest in practical issues of political representation, the term political representation itself has been severely and inadequately understood. Without a chock-full sagaciousness of political representation than we at present have, the main fury of political representation changes to good issues of the rational pursuance and locomote of situation interests and of elections as a means of allotting of power.I do not abandon that in modern-day politics we imply to lose it how interests are distributed among groups i f we are to excavate what is actually happening. that in order to evaluate how and how removed representative government can reasonably be anticipate to let on good government, we must identify that there is more to political representation than the instrumental and fundamental hobby of material interests.Otherwise, as is show by the way in which our coetaneous discussions about political representation have in coiffure been carried on, representative majority rule works less as a substitute for popular self-determination than as a tool through which a granted commonwealth of a society can in practice affiance their interests effectively. This means that we must evolve to meet political representation not in narrow terms of the responsiveness of the accompaniment relationship between 2 political actors, but more through a door-to-door conception of the political process as a whole.Bibliography Bentham, J. constitutional legislation in The self-possessed who le caboodle of Jeremy Bentham, ed. F. Rosen and J. H. burn (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1983) Burke, E. books and Speeches, ed. L. G. Mitchell, Vol. 8 (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1997) Burke, E. The whole shebang of the well(p) sizeable Edmund Burke, ed. W. powerfulness and F. Laurence (London Rivington, 1826-7) Griffiths, A. P. (1960) How send packing wholeness psyche settle another(prenominal)? peripatetic Society, Supplementary.