Evolution of Management Accounting Discipline Essay

Evolution of Management Accounting discipline and its relationship with other(a) functions in organizations The challenges of the competitive environment in the 1980s should cause us to examine our traditional live of chronicle and steering hold back systems. The DuPont slew (1903) and the reorganization of General Motors (1920) provided the opportunity for major innovations in the management control of decentralized operations, including the ROI criterion for evaluation of performance and formal budgeting and incentive plans. more(prenominal) recent developments have included discounted cash flow analysis and the operation of management science and multiperson decision theory models After the 1920s the exploitation of management story methods reduced as interest and senior management focused on preparing and create financial statements to meet the new reporting requirements causing from stock market failures.Then in 1970, when Japanese simple machine manufacturers exerte d pressure on American and European countries that interest turned to developing a more larger in scope management story that reported in quality and service rather than simply arranging unit cost performance By 1925,Almost all cost accounting methods in use at the moment had been developed. since the last sixty age there has been changes in the nature of the line of work environment. Despite this fact, there has been superficial change in designing and putting into action most cost accounting and management control procedures.For this reason it is important for people in the business area to completely understand the source of those methods, and look for ship canal to improve the methods to better meet the needs of todays business environment. managerial accounting is a young discipline Compared to financial accounting. As a result, managerial accounting concepts and tools are still evolving as intelligence ways are found to provide information that assists management. For ma nagerial accounting to be a useful tool in the future as it has been in the recent past, managerial accounting information must be adapted to reflect those changes.Traditional management accounting systems were called cost sore systems because they focused on accessing the cost of an important product or act in the organization. by the late nineteenth century, rail road managers implement large complex costing systems, that allowed them to compute the costs of carrying the different types of pack such as coal and steel. Efficiency improvement was supported by this information as well as pricing on the railroads, the origin company to develop and use large quantities of financial statistics to access organisational performance is the railroads

Corrective Feedback Methods Used

restorative Feedback Use of a Native incline speaker system instructor and a Non-Native Teacher INTRODUCTION The importance and benefits of redressive feedback gull been deb take ind in many aspects in SLA field. Most of the instructors take correcting computer errors as their responsibility. There is no doubt that the first work out of corrective feedback is to make students aw be of their mistakes so that they can correct.The way teachers motorcarry prohibited this impart may dissent from eachother hence I dedic ingestd this paper to find out disaccordences or similarities in correcting feedback patterns of a native English teacher and a non-native English teacher lecturing at University of Kocaeli ELT Department. After observation , I asked them their opinions almost students mistakes and corrective feedback so as to understand dynamics that effect the persona and rate of Corrective feedback they give. LITERATURE REVIEW Corrective feedback is called any reception fr om teachers to students non-native give c ar use of goods and services of the target language indications. Kim, 2004)The approaches towards corrective feedback differ. Rezaei, Mozaffari&Hatef, 2011 summarize these approaches some schools of intellection like Behaviorism considered errors as taboos in their discourse and believed that theyshould be direct corrected by theteacher (Brown, 2007 Larsen-Freeman, 2000 Richards &Rodgers, 2001)while others claimed that error correction was non however unessential, but in addition harmful to language find outing(Krashen, 1981a1981b). With the emergence of communicative approaches, error correction underwent aradical shift (Nicholas, Lightbown, &Spada, 2001 Russell, 2009).CLT advocates created a balance betweenwhat Audiolinguists and Cognitistvists do and suggested that an error must(prenominal) be viewed as evidence of learnerslinguistic development, not as a b wee-wee to be avoided. CLT advocates recognized the need for fluency and thisallows teachers to leavesome errors uncorrected. Nevertheless, before long SLA researchers strongly believe in error correction and corrective feedback (Ellis,2006). term carrying out corrective feedback, different methods are implemented during the casteroom period. Researchers reach begun to focus on these different methods so as to find out which whizzs are much or less ffective. When it comes to practice in the class the methods may differ according to the students language level and type of error, teachers attitudes towards errors and also time for feedback. Types of Corrective Feedback(Lyster, 1997 LysterRanta, 1997). 1. apparent correction Clearly indicating that the students utterance was incorrect, theteacher provides the correct soma. S any(prenominal) diamonds employ todecoration. TPlease say, Diamondsare use fordecoration. Dont say, employ to. You must use a peaceable form of the present simple tense here. 2.Recast Without directly indicating that the st udents utterance was incorrect, the teacher implicitly reformulates the students error, or provides the correction. S Some diamonds utilize todecoration. T Some diamonds are apply for decoration 3. Clarification request By apply phrases like Excuse me? or I dont understand,the teacher indicates that the message has not been understood or that thestudents utterance contained some kind of mistake and that a repetition or a reformulation is required. S Some diamondsused todecoration. T Excuse me? 4. Metalinguistic hints.Withoutproviding the correct form, the teacher poses questions or provides comments or information colligate to the formation of the students utterance . S Some diamondsused todecoration. T Do diamonds use something to decorate ? 5. ElicitationThe teacher directly elicits the correct form from the student by asking questions (1), by pausing to allow the student to shade the teachers utterance (2) or by asking students to reformulate the utterance(3). Elicitation questions differ from questions that are defined as metalinguistic clues in that they require more than a yes/no response. S Some diamondsused todecoration. T People used some diamonds, so ? 2- T Some diamonds? 3- T Say that again. 6. Repetition. The teacher repeats the students error and adjusts intonation to draw students attention to it. S Some diamondsused todecoration. T Some diamonds used to decoration METHODOLOGY This research is conducted in Kocaeli University, English Language Department. I observed and voice recorded supply class listening course in which native English vocaliser teacher Ms. Costa lecturing and 1st year class Listening & Pronunciation course in which non-native teacher Mr. Kurtaran lecturing .I removed cloth listening parts of recordings from both and student to student discussions from Ms. Costas class. In that way I had 25minutes lasting data of student-teacher interactions. After transcribing and elucidative their corrective feedbacks, I intervie wed with these teachers so as to understand the dynamics deceitfulness under the way and frequency they give corrective feedback. FINDINGS Corrective Feedback use by teachers are in the tables below CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK plug-in OF native ENGLISH SPEAKER TEACHER Recast T What did you do yesterday? S I watched TV and I sleep, sleep, sleep. T I slept, I slept, I slept. Okey. Explicit Correction T What are the three things that you ate yesterday? S I ate rice, meatballs and coke. T Lets repeat, I ate rice, meatballs and coke. (Class repeats after the teacher for studying intonation) S I guess you didnt eat the coke, probably drink. Dont eat your coke. Recast with examine T What would you buy if you were rich? S I want to buy.. T I would buy S I would buy a car and. Explicit Correction T Enver, where yould you go? S I would go Dubai, Hon Khong, Paris. T Okey, Dubai, Honkong and Paris. Umm, guys make true you are using to go to, go to, everybody go to( Class repeats after the teacher )Recast & Explicit Correction T What would you buy if you were rich? S Build a stately and heavy(a) house T Youd build a big and tall house, word order is like that. Recast & Clarification implore T If you were rich, would you work? S I think macrocosm rich and having a labor is different things. Having a job you asked to a statu /statu/ in our life, it is important. T Status /st? t? s/, is that what you miserly? S Yes, it is important. CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK TABLE of NON-NATIVE TEACHER Recast with essay S Is one passage /r d/ to success / sakses/ advance than another? T Is one road / r d/ to success / s? k? es/ better than another ? Recast T Of course here, the word road is used symbolicly, road is a methaphore, what does it actually suggest? S Method, way.. T Methodology, way, okey. (1)Clarification Request & (2)Metalinguistic Clue S To be successful means that you can do whatever your aims are. T What does it mean to do an aim? (1)Do we do an aim? Do we do an aim? Are the aims things to be done? What do we do the aims? (2) Ss We achieve. Repetation TWhat is your interpertation of success? SBeing able to reach the necessary knowledge. T Reaching necessary knowledge? S Requiring the necessary knowledge. (1)Repetation (2)Clarification request (3)Explicit Correction S My friend shatters brochures. T Shatters? (1) What do you mean with shutters? (2) She shatters? You mean hands out, distrubutes? Shatter oyle dag? tmak degil. Darmadag? n etmek, an earthquacke shutters an area. (3) Recast with stress T What is one skill or talent you wish you had? S The leadership T So you dont think you have leadership skills. S Uhmm, I have but not luxuriant T You wish you had more or better leadership skills, okey. Explicit Correction T I mean how do you think you could change your communication skills?S Going.. En.. T Could Could (clicks his fingers) I could do this, I could do that.. S I could go to England. (1)Repetation (2)Metalinguistic Clue T Other sugges tions please. S Creator, idea creator in an commercial company. T Idea creator,(1) that is not what they call it. Yarat? c?.. What do we call it in Turkish? (2) Ss No idea. T Advertising, lets call it advertising. Explicit Correction T In what ways has the typical career part changed in the last few decades? S In the past they climb the ladder but now they T Nobody climbs no ladders. Is that what you are suggesting?S No, they go to better job easily. One step to third stepSomething like that. T Something like that is not a sort. You mean in the past, there was only one ladder to climb, the ladder you would climb, staying with one company but now, there are many opportinuties many different jobs, companies, okey? That is it. Corrective Feedback types and percentages given by two teachers are shown on the graphics below It is seen that NT gives less CF during student talking time which is 2,24 times more than in NNTs class. As it is seen in the graphic, NT uses Recast as a half of CF she gives.NNT teacher uses Recast, Explicit Correction and Repetation at the same level which are the mostly used first thee. Out of 8 CF 4 Recast, 3 Explicit correction and 1 Clarification Request is used by NT. NNT uses more different types of CF. Out of 13 CF NNT uses 3 of Recast, Explicit Correction and Repetation in addition to 2 of Metalinguistic clue and Clarification Request. Both teachers give more than one CF at a time. Native Teacher considers the students as language learners, Non-Native Teacher considers them as future teachers. Regarded to their consideration, their approaches to students mistakes differ.NNT thinks making mistakes is a part of progress but some mistakes of ELT students at that level are not acceptable. NT gives more importance to fluency and complexity hence she does not want to cloture students speech so as not to make them feel uncomfortable. She thinks that she gives CF at a low rate than she should do as she focuses on meaning. NNT gives more importance to accuracy and thinks that they dont have much time left as the students are about to become teachers, he tries any kind of Corrective Feedback so as to make sure that the students realise their mistakes and correct them.He thinks that he gives CF at a spirited rate than he should do as these classes are the last chances of the students to learn from their mistakes before they start teaching. According to the interview it could be concluded that being Native or Non-Native effect theachers expectations from students and these expectations effect the frequency and type of CF they give. References Kim, J. (2004). Issues of corrective feedback in second language acquisition,Teachers College, Columbia University Working paper in TESOL & Applied Linguistics4(2), 1. Gass, S. (1997). Input, interaction, and the second language learner.Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum. Schachter, J. (1991). Corrective feedback in historical perspective. flash Language Research, 7 Lyster, R. &Ranta, L. (1997 ). Corrective feedback and learner uptake Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition,19, 37-66. Rezaei, S. , Mozaffari, F. , &Hatef, A. (2011). Corrective feedback in sla Classroom practice and future directions,International daybook of English Linguistics,1(1), 1. Corrective Feedback Use of a Native English Speaker Teacher and a Non-Native Teacher Betul Okcan Kocaeli University Reseach Skills A. P. Dogan Yuksel 2012

My career as a Computer Technician Essay

In todays time, some of the best line of achievement choices can be found within technology. A portentous part of technology, computers, is an ever changing subject field, constantly growing and expanding to make newer, faster, better computers. One of the best palm within this division is reckoner Technician. There are many reasons wherefore this position is a position that is strived for, and a high demand frolic position within the workforce. I will explain the three bakshish reasons why anyone would want to be a Computer Technician, and why its the best job choice for you.As you begin to look into the biography choice of becoming a Computer Technician, you find out that it is a field in which you repair computers, whether it be hardware or bundle related. Also, you find out there are requirements needed to become one. First, you make to undergo education. You can begin preparing to become a computer technician magic spell still in high school. Many high schools offe r affirmation training courses or credit towards a 2-year college peak or an confreres degree. High school graduates can choose to pursue each a 2 or 4 year college program. Many fraternity colleges offer computer technician training programs that focus directly on the literal jobs you will be doing out in the real world. The most eventful training courses you will need to take are those courses that prepare you for your corroboration exams These courses can be taken as part of a degree program or on a stand-alone basis. (n.d.3.)Coming from education, if you regain the right amount of it, the rewards can be great. According to the BLS, the median net of computer repair technicians is $36,000 as of 2011. The highest wages are found in technical and trade schools, at a mean wage of $67,000. simoleons are highest in states on the East Coast, specifically in the northeasterly states where the mean wage can reach $41,000-$47,000. (n.d.2.) This is a very recognise job, conside ring the education requirements and the actual pay wage, this is a great start into the field and a great way to get paid The honorarium, benefits, and 401k plan that are usually offered are available in this career, as well, depending on which accompany or place of business you work for.Coming from benefits and rewards of becoming a Computer Technician, it is also a very flexible field. Hours can be full or part time, pay can be salary or hourly. Considering there is an increase within the job market for Computer Technicians, the flexibility of having more choice in hours and pay is a significant pro to this career choice, as other jobs in other industries do not always allow such flexibility. This career choice is actually an easy one to adapt to.The requirements of becoming a Computer Technician strength be a bit steep, and somewhat tedious to sit with and complete, but the benefits of becoming one are too high to ignore. The powerfulness to stay on the cutting edge of tech nology, alone, is worth it, but the fiscal aspect of this career choice is also not one to shed as not worth it. Computer Technicians overall are a very admirable field to choose as a career choice, because it truly is a field in which doesnt require days upon years of education, and the benefits are well worth reaping.REFERENCESQuinStreet Inc. (n.d.1). Retrieved from http//www.computertrainingschools.com/career-training/computer-repair-technician/(n.d.2). Retrieved from http//diplomaguide.com/articles/Computer_Repair_Tech_Career_Overview.html(n.d.3). Retrieved from http//www.citytowninfo.com/education-articles/career-guides/how-to-become-a-computer-technician

Whether or not the civil rights movement has achieved equal rights for black people in USA and if so, to what extent

In this essay, I will aim to establish whether or not the civil rights drive manner has achieved equal rights for vitriolic wad in USA and if so, to what close. In browse to do this, we must comp be the situation for barrens in USA currently, to that of cuttings numerous years ago. Absolutely no one and only(a) would even try to suggest that Black Americans had equal rights during, or even directly later the abolishment of slain truth. This would be ridiculous bearing in mind that objet darty were hale to work from sun hop on to sunset, an eighteen hour day in umpteen an(prenominal) an other(a)(prenominal) places, with some, if any rights at all.At one peak, slave deliverers were even habituated specific rights to brand, maim, whip or even burn disobedient slaves. This scarcely indicates any sort of equal rights. They were unable to vote, shell out on juries witness an education and work in certain trades. The fact that they were unable to serve on juries alm ost do certain that any pitch-dark man could be tried and convicted even though totally innocent. Also, no balloting meant no slow politicians, and no politicians meant no say in government.thither were a few lucky blacks living in the south who had managed to induce freedom, some by purchasing their liberties and others handed their freedom after their get the hang had passed away. However, these blacks were constantly living in the fear that they could at a time once more be make believen into thralldom. Most blacks had now been freed, yet they were not compensated for ultimo labours, leaving them jobless and almost pennyless. Many snow-clad supremacy organisations a good deal(prenominal) as the Ku Klux Klan were formed solely to intimidate the black race.Public lynchings and in the ordinary eye(predicate) beatings became common place and very r bely was anything done about it in the courts as it was supported by many officials. After slavery was abolished, many ye ars of black campaigning followed and gradually, the campaigning became more and more succesful. In 1870, the fifteenth ammendment was passed declaring the right for all to be able to vote disregardless of race. This was seen as a real bypassthrough yet celebrations were proved to be far too premature. At first everything appeared fine. pass ons which had black majorities soon began to rent black politicians who were more understanding to their plight. Free education was introduced and the system of having to own land to be able to beget the right to vote was as well as scrapped. All seemed well and good until 1877, when the army decided that it was time to spin out of the southern states. This immediately left the blacks vulnerable to attack from the variant groups which had been formed who had a salient abhorrence towards the blacks. These secret organisations began utilise rage in order to pr force blacks from voting and this led to an almost immediate change.The lac k of the black vote led to all white governments once again being elected and this in turn saw the re-introduction of many laws against those African Americans. Once again, control of the blacks was firmly in the hands of their white rulers. Jim Crow laws were introduced enforcing segregation in various araes of lifespan. Transport saw separate pose for blacks and whites. Separate schools and hospitals were also introduced. The segregation even went as far as having different cemetries for deceased whites and deceased blacks, even in church, they were sat seperately.The much lower wages that the blacks were being payed meant that they could only afford housing in more run down neighbourhoods, again leading to a seperation, with black only towns. This residential segregation was even made compulsory in some states. Inter-racial marriages became a massive target for groups such(prenominal)(prenominal) as The Ku Klux Klan. They mat up that this would lead to a society where racial c ategorization would become sticky and white dominance would become hard to maintain. Again violence was utilise to ensure that no inter-racial marriages could take place.If any kind of recession came round, black employees were alship canal the first to be fired regardless of experience or quality of work and no blacks were allowed to join unions. This of course meant that in the event of any strike action, the blacks would continue to work arousing yet more hatred and hostility from their fellow white compatriots. After the white governments had been firmly re-established, the force play of blacks was continually undermined. Successful black businessmen were attacked and any attempts to form black protection groups were quickly quashed.The KKK also introduced lynching for those blacks acc partd of commiting crimes, many of whom were totally innocent. This was seen as not really a form of punishment for criminals, just now more a way of intimidating the local black population i nto accepting the rule of the whites. Yet again, the blacks were labored to accept the inhumane ways in which they were being treated and once again thither was zipper they could really do about it. One hundred years on, to what extent rescue civil rights been achieved for blacks? On visiting America now, and comparing life to that of a hundred years ago, the most apparent difference is desegregation.Whereas blacks and whites were forced to attend separate schools, take part in leisure activities seperately, use separate transport and forced to be segregated in the despotic court, thither is now no lawful segregation in the USA. Blacks digest been given equal rights as far as voting goes and it has been this way for many years now. However, this did not mean that all Blacks were suddenly voting. in that respect was even-tempered the problem of persuading blacks to register although, this has now been rectified with very public registration campaigns. The result has been a hug e increase in the proportion of blacks registered to vote. at that place gift been monumental chnages in attitudes towards blacks which has meant the uprising of many black celebrities which would have been unthinkable until recent years. A prime example of this could be that of black boxer, Mohammed Ali. His refusal to participate in the Vietnam War because of his somebodyal beliefs, and being hustling to go to jail rather than back down, earnt him world wide respect. This went along with the respect that he had already gained from his doubtless talent in the ring. To this day, Ali is one of the most highly respected sportsmen throughout the world.Various blakc musicians have reached stardom also. Examples involve Stevie Wonder, Tupac Shakur, Billy Halliday and Bessie metalworker, who had to fight adversity throughout her career. However, even here on that point is the possiblity of racial discrimination having taking place as it is widely claimed that, after a car crash Bessi e Smith was refused treatment due to the colorize of her skin and as a direct result, died from excessive blood loss. Blacks have also been very successful in Hollywood, with both Will Smith and Samuel L. capital of Mississippi being among the top ten earners.This does not even take into acount Denzel washington, Danny Glover, Whoopi Goldberg and many others. The major turning point as far as civil rights were concerened, was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This finally insured equal oppurtunity for all, in terms of employment and otherwise. There were also affirmative acion programs set up to help those blacks, who through no fault of their own, were given very worthless educations. Some blacks have even made a success of themselves by writing or talking about their difficulties in achieving liberation. Maya Angeou is one such person.The political influence of blacks is always rising and I have already spoken about the rise in blacks registered to vote. Recently, we have also seen the rise to prominence of some black politicians. Namely, Jesse Jackson and Colin Powell. Jackson ran for presidency in both the 1984 and 1988 elections and although he failed on both occasions, his skills as a negotiater have been proven on many separate occasions. His current title is Washingtons fussy envoy to Africa. Colin Powell has come into the limelight much more after the very tragic events of September 2001.Much praise has been heaped on the Secretary Of State for the way in which he has handled the cris. He was often referred to as the nervus of America in the aftermath of the attacks. There have also been enceinte strides made in the way of economic progress. Many blacks have managed to break through into the middle classes. The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air is a popular, black sitcom in which one such family is portrayed. The father is a well respected attorney and the family is shown to be living in wide luxery.Similarly, at that place have been other very successful b lack shows such as The Cosby Show. There are now many, many black homeowners also, in complete contrast to the slavery which existed a century earlier. As yet, I have talked about the great amount of change and progress which has been achieved for blacks in USA, however, in the same design of time there have been many incidents and there are many facts which suggest that not too much has really changed. For example, many state argue that there is a continuity in attitudes of discrimination and they point to certain events to support this.Accusations of police brutality and heavy handiness towards blacks are constant and the Rodney King incident seems to justify this. Rodney King was a drunken, black driver, who after being stopped by police, was brutally assaulted by 4 police officers. The whole incident was video-taped by an on looker. Because of the video-tape, there was a resulting trial in which all four police officers were accused of using excessive force. However, the enti rely white jury judged all four to have been not guilty of all charges and the result was the largest riots in Los Angeles history.Many people were injured during these riots. Consequently, there was a second trial, in which two officers were again acquitted and the other two received minimum jail terms. There were fears of a second round of rioting which never materialised. Other such incidents include an African refugee being shot 24 times by police officers. To this day, there are still more blacks than whites on decease row, which again leads to calls of discrimination by the police force and law courts. Earlier, I spoke about black successes in politics, pointing to Jesse Jackson and Colin Powell as examples.However, there has still been no black president, and it still does not even seem like a possibility in the foreseeable future. Even, with the prominence of Jackson and Powell, it can still be said that there is an exclusion of blacks in politics. The poverty trap of many y ears earlier also still exists in many parts of America, where the idea that if a black person was forced to live in a ghetto due to poor wages, there was really no way out and achieving something for their children as opportunities and resources were greatly limited.In conclusion, I think it is obviously clear that change has been achieved and progress has been made as far as civil rights are concerned and there will always be isolated incidents, which suggest otherwise. A great distance has been traveled on the road to achieving equal rights and hopefully, the last few miles will also be covered in the near future.

Modern Day Discrimination Essay

sex activity in bear onity is the closely important anaesthetise night club faces today. This is the unfair difference in the substance muckle atomic number 18 handle establish on their sexual activity. There ar spelly places where this in just nowice occurs. The approximately detriwork forcetal is where people spend a large portion of their time, which is the workplace. The workplace mustiness non be viewed as besides a traditional business organization, scarce withal things much(prenominal) as being a wife or a mother. Society must improve gender equality in the workplace in fellowship for all people to feel presumable to succeed. Military wives atomic number 18 viewed as supporters, sooner than equals who chiffonier also be successful. A group of authors cypher on the issue, the military wife has traditionally had an important and recognized power in military life, providing the necessary support and c atomic number 18 that contributed towards the succe ss of her preserves c beer (Rosen, Knudson and Fancher 327). All people, antheral or female, exact non only to be treated the same, but viewed the same if society is tone ending to grow. Wo manpower ar put in a group that does not lead them to dupe a rewarding life without a husband.This teaches young women that they need a man in their life to be successful. Which could lead to light decisions or premature and failed marri eras. Women who do attempt to be successful on their own ar not given the credit they deserve for make a life on their own. This is proven in volume 16 of Gender, Work and Organization, Women are typically viewed as honorary men or flawed women for attempting to participate in fields traditionally dominated by men (Powell, Bagilhole and Dainty 412). Women who strive to have success in male dictated professions are not seen as strong people but rather weak women or women who act like men. These women are stronger than close to for stepping outside t he normal range of female jobs. If women find themselves resembling men much than usual to be successful, it will run into away from the diversity of society. This can be corrected by accepting that eitherbody can perform his or her job just as well as anyone else. Women are not given equal opportunities to obtain employment positions for sexist reasons.Maryn Oyoung shares her thoughts one the issue of discriminatory hiring, Men and women should be entrusted to compete freely and on an equal basis in the workplace however, current laws do not publicise this idea be stupefy they do not take into account the reality that women unequivocally experience the physical side effects of pregnancy (518). Due to the simple(a) position that menare physically incapable of going by the process of pregnancy, they have an advantage in the workplace as pine as laws continue not to address the issue. This allows employers to discriminate against women because of the possibility of pregnancy. If women are forced to choose between a job and a family, they likely will choose family. Creating a less diverse group, which offers fewer opinions on important decisions. Most women who are able to have children are of essential importance to the human accelerate. Promoting the success of these women would encourage them to have children making our race much than diverse and accepting. Along with the lack of equal opportunities, gender discrimination in the workplace is shown through unequal pay based on gender. Browne explains the pay ratio between men and women for the same positions.In 2010 the female-to-male annual earnings ratio in the United States was 0.77, and in 2011 the e actually week earnings ratio was 0.82 (786). Men are unrightfully being paid more(prenominal) for their contributions to a business than women. Even if those contributions are identical to those of women. This can reject women from following their dreams because they will not be rewarded as much for their substantial work. If businesses were to pay men and women equally, it would create a more diverse workplace, which is bring out for the people who work in them because it forces them to understand the issues of others. While men who extend strength and leadership are looked upon as role models, women who display these traits are seen as rude or uncaring. Professional women who are judged to be fitting are frequently judged to lack warmth (Gutek 338).Strong women are treated badly because of the way they do their job this encourages women not to be as tough. This double standard results in female leaders being also easy on their employees. This can cause them possibly to lose their job or lead an unsuccessful business. If people were judged solely on their performance, more strong female leaders would emerge. Women are raised in such a way that they do not see their own potential, which contributes to the current diversity. Over ninety part of receptionists (92.5%) , dieticians and nutritionists (92.6%), registered nurses (90.5%), and preschool and kindergarten teachers (97%) are female (Browne 789). Women are taught from a young age that they have jobs they will perform and men have jobs they will do. The media and current generations constantly preach this idea. Creating an endless cycle of inequality. The most effective way to fighting this would be to alter theway people approach teaching their children about the workplace. If this were to be accomplished, society would be a place where any person could do or be anything they zest without worrying about what others think because those others would feel the same way.Young women are raised only to please men rather than build successful lives of their own. In Girl, Jamaica Kincaid offers a dialogue between a mother and her daughter. This is how to guide in the presence of men who dont know you very well (385). Some women are raised only to please men, bit men such as myself are never ta ught the importance of please women at a young age. Rather, young men are taught how to be successful in the workplace. Since men are raised this way, they are immediately put at an advantage in their careers. If young boys and girls were raised in a more similar way, it would increase the equality in the workplace. This would allow all people to have the same opportunities, no matter their gender. Women are forced into jobs that turn them into objects rather than individuals. In 2 Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt, Jean Kilbourne provides multiple examples of women be dehumanise through advertisement. Men conquer and women ensnare, always with the essential aid of a product (420).The jobs of the women in provocative advertisements is only to excite men into sounding at their advertisement. A consequence of this is that these men will hopefully strike what the advertisement was about and remember it because of the objectified women in the ad. In many cases, this is the only job availa ble to these women because of the way they were raised. If more women were raised in a way that forced them to understand that they are just as valuable, if not more valuable as any man, they would expect that they will be allowed equal opportunities and would accept nothing less. This would force the advertisement community to take a different approach, which would cut back on the objectification of women. Gender is also the key difference when determining job success. Research clearly indicates that women are disproportionately overrepresented in the lowest paying occupations and that the female sex organization of occupations is negatively related to median earnings (Jaffee 377). Women are not allowed into higher(prenominal) paying jobs as often as men are.Thus make women to earn less on a yearly basis, which leads to a more stressful lifestyle. Equal job opportunities is the key to workplace equality. If a man had a female boss, he may realize that women are just ascapable as men are. Then down the road, he may be in a position of power where he would then understand that he could feel confident hiring a woman. This workplace inequality affects women not only while they work, but also as they grow old. For most women, attitudinal and structural factors in the workplace put them at a tremendous disadvantage and render them more vulnerable than men to hardship as they age (Barnett 25). All the factors that contribute to gender inequality in the workplace cause a severe issue for women. As they grow old, they likely will earn less pension or retirement opportunities because of the sexism displayed in modern business. This again causes women to desire on men to support them. Making it very hard for strong women to thrive as they enter their older age. This does not only affect women though. It is a fact that on average, women live longer than men do.If men are allowed to rely on the success of women, they could feel more confident as they age as well. Peopl e who rely on statistics can argue that gender discrimination in the workplace is not a choice, but rather a natural consequence that comes with the differences in the human body. On average, women are five inches shorter, have 55 to 60 percent less hurrying body strength, a higher fat-to-muscle ratio, lower bone density, and 20 percent less aerobic capacity (Summers 74). Men defending their decisions would argue that women are not allowed different opportunities because of the physical differences between women and men. This includes certain combat situations or construction where physical strength is vital. This is not reliable because of the countless jobs that are not influenced by physical strength. Women and men are being in addition generalized and not examined for specific strengths.Speaking on The Department of apology Combat Exclusion Policy, Chris and Jeannette Haynie state, The policy institutionalizes the concept that all male Marines, based on gender alone, are capa ble of performing duties in the combat arms, while all female Marines similarly are not (46). Assumptions are being made of men and women. The policy implies that all men are more capable in combat than any women are. This is an issue because it discourages women from contribute their skills and holds men to a high standard of having to be better than any women. Workplace gender inequality is the most important issue society faces. The unfair treatment leaves women forced to rely on others. This may cause women to question their choices, which leaves them at a disadvantage. If not all people aregiven the same opportunities, then the progress society has made will be for nothing. When it comes to gender inequality, it is all or nothing. There is no halfway where people are almost equal.Works CitedBarnett, Rosalind Chait. Ageism And Sexism In The Workplace. Generations 29.3 (2005) 25- 30. donnish Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.Brown, Kingsley R. Biological Sex Differences In Th e Workplace Reports Of The depot Of Men Are Greatly Exaggerated (As Are Claims Of Womens act Inequality). Boston University impartiality Review 93.3 (2013) 769-794. academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.Gutek, Barbara A. How Women lodge To Be Disadvantaged In The Workplace. Analyses Of Social Issues & Public Policy 10.1 (2010) 337-339. schoolman Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.Haynie, Chris, and Jeannette Haynie. Marines Or MARINES*?. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 138.11 (2012) 46-51. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. Jaffee, David. Gender Inequality In Workplace self-direction And Authority. Social Science Quarterly (University Of Texas Press) 70.2 (1989) 375-390. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Nov. 2014.Kilbourne, Jean. Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt. Rereading America ethnic Contexts for particular Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 9th Edition. New York Bedford/St. Martins. 2013. Print.Kincaid, Jamaica. Girl. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 9th Edition. New York Bedford/St. Martins. 2013. Print.Powell, Abigail, Barbara Bagilhole, and Andrew Dainty. How Women Engineers Do And Undo Gender Consequences For Gender Equality. Gender, Work & Organization 16.4 (2009) 411-428. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Rosen, Leora N., Kathryn H. Knudson, and Peggy Fancher. Cohesion And The civilisation Of Hypermasculinity In U.S. Army Units. Armed Forces & Society(0095327X) 29.3 (2003) 325-351. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Summers, Clark H. Women. Military Review 93.4 (2013) 71-78. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.Oyoung, Maryn. Until Men keep back Children, Women Must Not Bear The Costs Of Reproductive Capacity fit Pregnancy In The Workplace To Achieve Equal Employment Opportunities. Mcgeorge Law Review 44.2 (2013) 515-542. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

The Five C’s Worksheet

The Five Cs Worksheet Directions Identify the side by side(p) factor descriptions to their corresponding C of reference book. The five Cs atomic number 18 listed below power means the ability or intent to retort your debts, basing it upon your home base cash flow lenders typically follow different methods to superintend my expenses relative to the persons income. Capital is the households clear up worth, by combining all assets, and making sure that the debts is smaller than the conglomeration assets, the lender stop verify that the loan will be paying(a) by liquidating all assets should you need to pay your debts, sort of risking all you got in order to get their trust. Collateral fuel be either your cable car, home, boat, anything that you can pledge to hurl the loan safer, and the lender feel that you ar not being a high-risk loan, because you can lose your own assets. extension is the history behind your credit, employment, and education, as well as how well you h andle your obligations, such as accrued debts in the past that were taken solicitude of. They measure your trustworthiness. Conditions are the considerations a lender makes after viewing the considerable spectrum of your situation, being that every loan is unique in its situations, the lender can take into considerations your economic status, the employment opportunities in your area, or anything that will make you either less of a risk or more. ConditionWhich C? Your household cash flow helps to determine this CCapacity Under these __________, you may still be approved with a cosignerConditions This demonstrates how much your assets are worth. CapitalUsing your car or house as a promise to payCollateral This makes you a improve credit risk to the lender this could be any of the Cs. For example, assets that are offered as security against default. Collateral and Capital Lenders will evaluate your debt-payment ratio. Capacity The lender is taking your unique situation under cons ideration. Conditions Previous credit history This shows how long you have worked for your employer and if you have obtained an education. Character Having more at stake may make you less likely to default on a loan. Capital

Lawn Industry of Pakistan

Letter of Ac friendshipment Ms. Saadiyeh Saad Course Convener methods of seam look for CBM Karachi. Dear Madam, As per instructions, we argon submittings this case-study like look into invigoratedspaper publisher on Lawn Industry of Pakistan discussing the factors impacting the intensification of lawn fabrics in Pakistan. We would like to thank you for macrocosm so sustainful and supportive in the teaching us this subject in such a manner that after its completion, our concepts are liter onlyy cloudless regarding various methodologies involved in investigatees.Beyond whatsoever doubt, it is just an offspring of your comprehensive and procedural approach of teaching that we declare made this depict with forbidden scantiness of any kind. We are re in ally obliged for your support, Madam. Regards, Nasir R. Zaidi Pakistan Business Research (PBR) is a nation wide advisory services senescency and commercialize search sozzled. Primarily, it focuses on assisting retail manufacturing executives and vendors serving retailers to achieve matched differentiation and foodstuff success through business-driven short term enthronisations.PBR provides facts ground investigate and customer centric strategies to enable better offerings from vendors and more rough-and-ready business investments by retailers. PBR helps clients gain clarity, obtain precise perspective and fashion course of action on critical business issues. Founded in 2009 by a group of IoBM Grads, PBR provides custom commercialiseing research, syndicated research and evidence-based consulting to leading administrations in the financial services, life sciences and consumer goods industries.Through prize research, advanced analytics and deep industry knowledge, PBR delivers data-driven solutions and strategies that enable clients to better understand customers, define products, and shape commercialise opportunities in secern to increase revenues and grow the value of their products a nd brands. PBRs Key goSince its inception in 2009, PBR has providing services of a full-fledge research firm that specializes in helping companies understand current customers, lost customers, potential customers and employees (internal customers) and track the factors that need customer satisfaction, loyalty, awareness, and purchasing conducts. Under breathing out rapid developments since its establishment in 2009, PBR is a grocery store research companywith already many standing client relationships in place and a strategic plan for strong and consistent development. load Values Invest in continuous learning to improve the character of work and the development of our employees Exhibit an ethical can-do attitude and exert what we preach. Form lasting partnerships with our customers and suppliers Foster a rewarding and fun purlieu for employees Further our commitment to the community. Provide products and services that exceed our clients expectations in harm of accuracy, not e and cadenceliness. Brand Research & ConsultingBrands dictation a critical part in barter for decision making. They are the customer-facing expression of your business dodging. So why do so many companies know so slight about their brands? Whether you are just starting to define yourbrandor you use up an established brand that you aremanaging accurate and timely selective data is available only throughadequate brand research. PBRs branding researchconcentrates on six key areas to give the critical information you need to manage your brand 1.Creating a new brand strategy 2. Understanding how far your brand can stretch 3. Brand computer architecture 4. Brand management 5. Revitalizing brands 6. Brand positioning New Products / function Research The failure rate ofnew productlaunches is very high. just about estimates are that less than 20% of new products succeed In order to increase your chances of new product success, turn to Pakistan Business Research (PBR). Our fuck off in trade research for divulgeing, developing and launching new products is chip to none.Using both qualitative and quantitative research, we can help you identify customer dissatisfaction and unmet needs, generate and screen new product concepts, evaluate market feasibility ( entreat and value), identify compelling marketing benefits and messages and track introduction, awareness and trial. Introducing new products without marketing research is like driving blind much as well as risky In short, just let PBR help you navigate your behavior to successful product introduction. Additional Areas of Expertise Advanced Statistical AnalysesPBR has an on-the-scene(prenominal) online module to conductadvanced statistical functionssuch as quaternary regression (driver analytic thinking), cluster psychoanalysis, factor analysis, perceptual mapping (multidimensional scaling), structural comparability modeling and data mining. Marketing Surveys In addition to our market research sp ecialties, PBR is well experienced in conducting different types of marketing research including all types of Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer research studies, advertising effectiveness, attitude outpouringing, marketing effectiveness, market segmentation, positioning and a lot more.Pragmatic Execution Our business research can help you not only design provided also execute the outperform possible marketing surveys taking into consideration which aspects of your marketing efforts are being measured, available contact information, market segment, market size and structure, available budget etc. PBRs Marketing Research Process Our marketing research processincludes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and decision making.The reasons and times at which your company or organization might consider performing marketing research varies, but the worldwide purpose of gaining intelligence for decision making remains constant throughout. Customers recreate the central role in the marketing research process. As a company or organization, the sweep over majority of research you are soon considering likely revolves around your customers Current customers Prospective customers Lost customers Members Community Employees (internal customers) Shareholders (internal customers) Whether you are creating a new marketing research program or by chance revising an existing marketing research program, what are the steps you should aspire? While there are dozens of little steps along the way, each of these steps fits into one of the 6 major steps of the marketing research process. They are feeling 1 Identifying and define the problem grade 2 Develop the approach Step 3 Establish research design and strategy Step 4 Collect the data Step 4 Perform data analysis Step 5 paper and presentProblem Definition The Case PBRs two month old client, KOHINOOR TEXTILES wanted to invest some money into opening a seasonal lawn boutique brand. KOHINOOR TEXTILES was aware that rigorous market research and analysis would be required in order to determine potential for such a venture as related to scathe, timberland, sales, marketing, culture and lifestyle and trends of already existing lawn brands. The client, already possessing a favourable market share in fashion industry, had noticed that the demand of lawn products was on the increase duringSpring and spend seasons and a larger proceeds of brands were on a sharp harvest-home pattern when other smaller competitors sprung up and began taking some of the market share. Yet this client also noted that out of 10 or 15 such lawn manufacturing companies, only about 3 or 4 were highly successful. So we were brought in and asked, what factors make lawn collections so successful? Is the demand ever increasing? Is the supply meeting the demand? Is this only seasonal or is it a year round trend? And lastly, wo uld a lump-some investment towards manufacturing and grappleing high quality lawn be fruitful for a firm?Developing the Approach With these queries and predicaments in mind, PBR called upon some its most outstanding and proactive researchers to help KOHINOOR TEXTILES embark on a journey to launch their lawn prints. The group consisted of Mr. Nasir ZaidiDirector Research Affairs (PBR) Mr. Salman AnisManaging Director Analysis (PBR) Mr. Ahsan Rasheed Head Research Coordinator (PBR) Mr. Hassan GhoriResearch Method Analyst (PBR) Establishing Research Objective & Design The research objective was to take a chance what factors were making lawn exhibitions so successful? after(prenominal) lengthy discussions, it was decided that it would be best to get into the customers mind directly (primary research) about what makes lawn exhibitions so successful. The team sat together to construct a way of finding out facts on the growing trends of lawn and the entire fashion industry at the co mparable time. After a lot of deliberations and keeping in realise the self-propelled state of affairs in lawn industry, it was decided that the level market was each WOMEN FALLING IN 18+ AGE RANGE. With further more analysis and options, the future(a) questionnaire was constructed for a survey of a prove of a degree centigrade (hundred) women.Questionnaire We, the final year students of College of Business Management (CBM), are conducting a research into HOW BRANDED LAWN IS TURNING INTO AN INDUSTRY and the INCREASING TREND OF LAWN CULTURE IN PAKISTAN. We shall be thankful if you can spare two minutes of your time and fill this short questionnaire. 1. Never ask a woman her age, but whats your age range? a. 16-25________ b. 26-30________ c. 31-35________ d. 36+________ 2. You are currently a. In school________ b. In college________ c. Employed________ d. A housewife________ 3. In the recent past, how many Lawn Exhibitions have you attended? . 1 2________ b. 3 4________ c. 5 6________ d. 7 and above________ 4. Do you prefer Lawn over other fabrics? a. Yes________ b. No________ c. Depends on the occasion________ d. Only in summers________ 5. Which one of the following factors tally to YOU makes Lawn Exhibitions so successful? a. outlay________ b. Quality________ c. Availability________ d. Advertisement________ e. Other (please specify) 6. What is the Maximum scathe you are willing to net for a Lawn suit? a. 1000 1999 PKR________ b. 2000 2999 PKR________ c. 3000 3999 PKR________ d. 000 4999 PKR________ 7. Lawn is best for a. Formal occasions________ b. Casual wear________ c. amalgamate of both a & b________ d. Daily use________ 8. How many hours would you say you watch mode TV or port 360 in any given calendar hebdomad? a. Dont watch either________ b. 1 7 hours________ c. 8 14 hours________ d. 15 + hours________ 9. Which factor has yarn-dyeed / influenced your Lawn buying behavior the most, if at all? (Choose the best option) a. Plain nec essity________ b. Media________ c. Growth in the elan Industry________ d. Need for purchase of high quality products________ 10.Does television set have a direct affect on your buying behavior? a. Never________ b. Rarely________ c. Sometimes________ d. Definitely ________ 11. Whats your opinion towards Bollywood stars endorsing products of a Pakistani Lawn shaper? a. Thats a good thing________ b. Whatever helps sell merchandise________ c. Neutral________ d. It shouldnt happen Pakistan Zindabad ________ 12. Whats the proceeds one theme to hearing about so many exhibitions? a. Friends________ b. Television________ c. Billboards________ d. Radio________ 13. Is there a curb availability of high quality lawn? . Yes________ b. No________ c. There are plenty of copies in the market________ 14. Which Lawn manufacturer harmonize to you is the best? (please write down your answer) __________________________________________ 15. What are the two main reasons (in your viewpoint) that have c aused a significant increase in the number of high quality lawn manufacturers and the growth of lawn exhibitions in the Pakistani market? a. add-on in demand ________ b. mickle becoming more aware of their strong-arm presence________ c. Increasing number of occasions to attend ________ d.Its too angry for wearing other clothing material________ e. Any other (please specify)______ 16. Which one of the following exhibitions HAVE YOU attended thus far in 2010? (Please place a tick-mark) JOFA (HSY) MAUSUMMERY GUL AHMED SONIA BATLA AL KARAM SOBIA NAZIR LAKHANI LAWN SANA SAFINAZ MARIA B. V9 LAWN PRINTS JUNAID JAMSHED FIRDOUS 17. Which Lawn exhibitions DID YOU attend in the year 2009? (Please place a check-mark) JOFA (HSY)MAUSUMMERY GUL AHMED SONIA BATLA AL KARAMSOBIA NAZIR LAKHANI LAWNSANA SAFINAZ MARIA B. V9 LAWN PRINTS JUNAID JAMSHEDFIRDOUS 8. Rate the following Lawn Exhibitions, only those you have attended, on a scale of 1-5 (1 being the worst possible rating and 5 being the best) b ased upon set, quality, and design of each, in YOUR mind (please circle your choices) V9 Lawn Prints (Vaneeza Ahmed) Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Mausummery Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Gul Ahmed (Ideas) Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Junaid Jamshed Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 JOFA (HSY) Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Sana Safinaz Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 information CollectionWith the questionnaire complete, it was time for collecting data from a total sample population of 100 (hundred) women. The objective was to collect data from school and college going girls as well as go a to a lawn exhibition itself to gather data through a survey The response was overwhelming as it took just an hour to get 50 forms filled in the College of Business Management (CBM) alone although, the remaining were filled at Vaneezas V9 Lawn Prints Exhibition which was quite trivial yet fascinating For the results of the research carried out, le ts go to Data Analysis which is self-explanatory.In the recent past, how many Lawn Exhibitions have you attended? pic Do you prefer Lawn over other fabrics? Which one of the following factors according to YOU makes Lawn Exhibitions so successful? What is the Maximum Price you are willing to pay for a Lawn suit? Lawn is best for How many hours would you say you watch excogitate TV or Style 360 in any given workweek? Which factor has affected / influenced your Lawn buying behavior the most, if at all? Does television have a direct affect on your buying behavior? Whats your opinion towards Bollywood Stars endorsing products of a Pakistani Lawn manufacturer?Whats the number one source to hearing about so many exhibitions? Which Lawn manufacturer according to you is the best? What are the two main reasons (in your viewpoint) that have caused a significant increase in the number of high quality lawn manufacturers and the growth of lawn exhibitions in the Pakistani market? Quality of V9 prints in view of women Price of V9 prints in view of women Price of Mausummery prints in view of women Quality of Mausummery prints in view of women Price of Gul Ahmed prints in view of women pic Quality of Gul Ahmed prints in view of women picPrice of Junaid Jamshed prints in view of women pic Quality of Junaid Jamshed prints in view of women pic Price of Jofa (HSY) prints in view of women pic Quality of Jofa (HSY) prints in view of women pic Price of Sana Safinaz prints in view of women pic Quality of Sana Safinaz prints in view of women pic Hypothesis streaking H0 population attending exhibition in 2010 has change magnitude than in 2009 HA People attending exhibition in 2010 has not increased than in 2009 pic H0 care Exhibitions and ceremonial television are dependent HA Attending Exhibitions and watching television are independentSignificance aim 5% Test Statistics Chi-Square test on liberty pic pic How many hours would you say you watch Fashion TV or Style 360 in any giv en week? pic As P0. 05 wherefore we donot disapprove Ho Conclusion As the test that the given data provides sufficient evidence to conclude that attending a lawn exhibition depends upon the watching Fashion TV or Style 360 Ho There is no gustatory perception of lawn with regards to age H1 There is preference of lawn with regards to age Significance Level 5% Test Statistic Chi-Square test on independence Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing marrow calculate Do you prefer Lawn over other fabrics Total YES NO Pearson Chi-Square 12. 961a 9 . 164 likelihood Ratio 13. 120 9 . 157 Linear-by-Linear Association 2. 670 1 . 02 N of Valid Cases 89 a. 12 cells (75. 0%) have expected calculate less than 5. The nominal expected count is . 45. cruciform Measures Value Asymp. Std. Approx. Tb Errora a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b. Using the asymptotic standard wrongdoing assuming the null hypothesis. c. Based on commonplace approximation . As P0. 05 therefore we do not reject H0 Conclusion The test suggests that there is preference with regard to age. H0 People seek high quality lawn when paying the price HA People are willing to pay the price for any quality of lawn Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total Count Is there a limited availability of high quality lawn Total Yes No There are plenty of copies in the market Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 8. 791a 6 . 186 Likelihood Ratio 9. 176 6 . 164 Linear-by-Linear Association . 45 1 . 358 N of Valid Cases 90 a. 6 cells (50. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 26. Symmetric Measures Value Asymp. Std. Approx. Tb Errora a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. b.Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. c. Based on normal approximation. pic As P0. 05 do not reject H0 Conclusion People seek high quality lawn when payin g the price H0 Sources of media hearing about exhibitions has increased attendance in exhibition in 2010 H0 Sources of media hearing about exhibitions has not increased attendance in exhibition in 2010 Significance Level 5% Test Statistic Chi-square test of independence Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 22. 05a 27 . 711 Likelihood Ratio 20. 282 27 . 819 Linear-by-Linear Association . 002 1 . 963 N of Valid Cases 90 a. 34 cells (85. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 01. As p0. 05 therefore do not reject H0 Conclusion The data provides sufficient evidence that hearing from the given sources of media have lead to an increase in attending the exhibitions Conclusion / Recommendations for the ClientAfter conducting the research, we found that More and more women are attending lawn exhibitions are both year, the figure of exhibitors is increasing. Lawn is becoming formal way of dressing. Women keep the factors of price and quality when they go to purchase lawn suits. The best price range in which level best number of prospective buyers come is from Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 2,000. For promotion of lawn prints, Fashion TV and Style 360 can be used for advertisement as most of the target population watches it. Famous media persons (singers, models and actresses) should be hired to promote lawn. Television and Billboards play a pivotal role in reaching target audience. harmonise to most of the women, there are still numerous predicaments in quality of lawn which is being offered in Pakistan, therefore, KOHINOOR TEXTILES can come with better quality lawn and take on the demand The aforementioned conclusions are drawn after they were statistically proved and consequently, we recommend KOHINOOR TEXTILES to keep in view the findings of research with respect to women preferences, price sensitivity and quality consciousness and come up with new lawn prints so that their probability of success is i ncreased upto a large extent. Customer ecstasy & Loyalty Research Brand Research Customer Retention & deliver the goods Back Solutions Employee Research New Product Development Philosophy send for People Product

Down East Spud Busters

As a manager, one of the many aspects of your eccentric is to control, which as you know, means periodically (or continually) checking on the status of action, operations, staffing, budget, quality, and so on Now, employees often react negatively to this, communicating actively or passively resentment about the managers actually or figuratively looking everyplace their get ups or trying to catch them doing nearlything wrong or always qualification corrections about the way things are being done. What re some strategies you can use to do a good Job controlling, scarcely avoid the employee backlash In attitude?This really would depend on what type of Industry and the structure of the company. From my past working experiences I employ deferent methods were needed to control quality and production. As a stand out manager In the telecoms Industry an on-hands style was needed In enounce to get each station physically approved from the vendor. The relationship mingled with manag ement and supervisors,leads could be anywhere In the range of tense to genial depending on he quality of the job the supervisors crew produced.There were other elements that besides had to be taken into consideration. Such as, weather, equipment availability, and deadlines. A looking over the shoulder strategy is needed, and is part of some job specification. Another strategy I have had to use was daily receiving, production and shipping reports. While using these methods a minimum interaction is needed with the employees. These types of reports can tell you if production is down from absentee, bad products from vendors or equipment failures.

Feasibility of putting up vegan restaurant Essay

INTRODUCTIONThis chapter put forwards the business profile and frequent description of vegan eating places, which fall under the consumer foodservice industry. This chapter includes the background of the guinea pig, rationale of the reflect, objective of the dissect, sphere and limitation, significance of the study, research methodology, research design, and locale of the study, information gathering tool, data gathering procedure and the definition of terms.1.1 Background of the studyVegan was termed in England in 1944 by Donald Watson which means non-dairy Vegetarian. It opposed the use of eggs as a food. Later, the definition of vegan was extended and it means that man should live without exploiting animals. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism.)Caf is an establishment that focuses on serving coffee. It may refer to an informal eating place, offering a figure of speech of hot meals and made-to- exhibition sandwiches. Caf is a French word which means coffee. (http//en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9.) great deal give extra importance when it comes to health. One of its reasons is the sudden existence of legion(predicate) diseases that threatens the lives of the people. Obviously, when we talk about health, it always entails a healthy diet. Eating Vegetables and fruits is the beat out thing we know how to prevent such life ominous diseases because of its vitamins and mineral content with the absence of bad cholesterol. According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, a give out issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, a vegetarian diet is associated with lower levels of obesity and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.thither atomic number 18 varieties of restaurants registered here in oecumenical Santos City and most of the foods offered in these restaurants are meat and animal products. To make a variation and since thither is a rapid growth of health and beauty conscious peopl e, the researchers heading to provide an exceptional and accommodative vegan restaurant with caf for the people who need a gear up for chatting, tomake transactions and opposite personal activities. With its extraordinary body structure and kettle of fish, food lovers especially vegetarians might find it a good place to unwind, socialize and experience take in in a vegan way with a Pinoy touch.This proposed vegan restaurant pull up stakes be the first vegetarian restaurant in prevalent Santos City. Since it is vegan, it serves vegetable cuisine and plant products like beverages from fruit extracts and pasta with the rule culture of Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Italian that serves as the asset from the competitors. It also has a caf that could make an edge among other restaurant. The place is a Wi-Fi hot compass point and a Zen style ambiance which makes customers feel relaxed while eating or staying inside. Special room for conference meetings and other events is also offe red.1.2 debate of the ProblemThe researchers leave aim to determine the feasibleness of putting up a vegan restaurant in San Miguel Street, General Santos City. Specifically, this study has the following objectivesa) To present the business descriptions of the existing restaurants in terms of theira.1) products and servicesa.2) major players in the industrya.3) capa urban center of the industrya.4) key success factorsa.5) the marketa.6) the political sympathies roleb) To conduct a structural analysis of Vegan Restaurant with caf in General Santos Cityb.1) Threats of Potential Entrantsb.2) Threats of Substitutesb.3) Bargaining force out of the suppliersb.4) Bargaining power of the customersb.5) Competition in the Industryc) To determine the feasibility of putting up a vegan restaurant with caf in General Santos City considering the following flavorc.1) Management and organisationalc.2) Marketingc.3) Technicalc.4) Financial1.3 Specific ObjectivesThis refers to the proper(postnom inal) objectives of this study which will comprise of the management organization, the technical production, the marketing aspect, the fiscal study, and the social significance.1.3.1 Management and OrganizationThis aspect includes the form of business organization, organizational structure, personal qualifications, duties, and responsibilities and personnel salary structure.1.3.2 Technical and ProductionIt deals with the equipment and facilities needed in the vegan restaurant and its operation. It also deals with the architectural design of the restaurant.1.3.3 Marketing AspectIt focuses on the trends, the competition, target market and the size of the market. Also it presents the design and implementation of the marketing activities of the vegan restaurant.1.3.4 Financial StudyIt determines the operating cash requirements, cash flow, the pecuniary statements and the financial analysis and also, it provides the viability of the project.1.3.5 Social meaningIt focuses on the impact of the society and the economy.1.4 Significance of the StudyThe business Greens N Coffee vegan restaurant is socially significant since it would create income, development, additional leisure, and improvement and therefore, progress. Basically, vegan restaurant is an income generating activity, for the exchange of produce of money, since any businesses concern is profitability. The following beneficiaries of the study were identified by the researchers To the public, that they mayappreciate the health take ins that will be offered by the vegan restaurant. To the Generals who are pursuit for employment, they may be able to find jobs in which they can get income to support them in their daily lives.To the future restaurant owners who are plan to put up a vegan restaurant, that they may be able to discombobulate a new perspective on the design and strategies essential to the effectiveness, stability and productivity of the business. To the local Government of General Santos City, for they can obtain taxes and other income from this business that they can use once the study is proven feasible To the future researchers, they may be able to use this as their fictitious character for future studies regarding on vegan restaurants.1.5 Scope and LimitationThis study aims to determine the feasibility of putting up a vegan restaurant with caf in San Miguel Street, General Santos City. The respondents of this study will only be limited to the restaurants in General Santos City. This study discusses the management and organization aspects, technical and production aspects, marketing aspects, financial study aspects and social significance aspects of the industry.This research study will be conducted in the months of July to September 2011 within the locality of General Santos City. The researchers will choose 4 players of the restaurant industry registered at the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) of the city. The researchers will be interviewing 4 managers or s upervisors from the said members of the restaurant industry.1.5 Research use and MethodologyThis refers to the research method, the respondents of the study, the locale of the study, the research instrument that will be utilize for this study, and the data gathering procedure.1.6.1 Research MethodIn this study, a descriptive method of research will be use which will deal with information that can be easily understood, while the forge of this goes beyond mere gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the elements of interpretation of the meaning or significance of what is described. See figure 1 for the research flow.1.6.2 RespondentsThe respondents of this study are the managers, and assistant managers of the Grab A Crab Restaurant, Ranchero Restaurant, Taps N Mix, and Dimsum dining car in General Santos City.1.6.3 Locale of the StudyThis business will be located at San Miguel Street, Lagao, General Santos City. The city is the southernmost port city of the Republic of the P hilippines. It is one of the most populous urban centres in the sylvan with a population of 530,129 as per data of 2007 census (http//www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html). GenSan is delimited by municipalities of Sarangani Province namely Alabel in the East of the city, and Maasim in the South. General Santos City is a component of province South Cotabato.1.6.4 Research doerThe researchers will be using a primary and a supplementary instrument as a research tool in order to acquire information from the respondents. An interview guide will be used as the primary instrument. The sources of the primary data are the managers, supervisors or representatives of the restaurant in General Santos City. The interview guide which will be used to gather data from the members of the industry consists of questions regarding the management and organizational, technical, marketing and financial aspects of the restaurant industry. This type of gathering tool will most probably benefit t his study. Along with this, observation will also be used to heap up further information which will be helpful in conducting the study. The standby tools that the researchers will apply are the library resources, internet data, periodicals, published and unpublished materials.1.6.5 Data Gathering ProcedureThe researchers will make preliminary visitations to the location of the four (4) major players of the restaurant industry. Letters of permission will be sent to the respondents and eventually approvals are expected as a response. aft(prenominal) a positive response, there will be a mean interview with the managers, supervisors, or representatives from the respondents. Afterwards, data will be gathered, classified and taken with respect to the objectives of this study.

Career Planning and Development

life history PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ASHWINI RENGASWAMYINDEX NO L0267KDKD0611JUN MSc 1 Hospitality & Tourism A INDEX Introduction sc every(prenominal)ywag 2 C ber Page 3 C areer Planning Page 4 Career Development Page 5 triplex Career Couples Page 8 treble Career Couples Large Companies . Page 10 bivalent Career Couples Small Companies .Page 14 Ways of Small Companies Retaing Employees Page 15 Conclusion . Page 16 References . Page 17 INTRODUCTION kind-hearted resource is the nerve center of some(prenominal) g everywherenment act which helps to achieve its objectives & intents. When analyzing globally managing adult male resource is a dynamic and challenging task of an organization. Although man resource is a popular term there is no definition defined worldwide.Watson (20023) says In its broader sense Human resource forethought bunghole be employ as a generic term to secern any approach to managing citizenry. Boxall & Purcell (20031) say All those activiti es associating with the management of the recitation family birth in the organization. A philosophy based on managing mess on the belief that human resources utmost necessary to throw the line of reasoning success. An boldness obtains advantage by utilizing its people effectively. Drawing on their competence and quick-wittedness to meet distinct objectives.Human resource management is focused at recruiting confident, adaptable and dedicated people, managing and honoring their performance and advancing competencies. Human resource increment is a strategic advent to analyzing in human capital. It has an impact on an other(a)(prenominal) human resource formations, including resourcing and executes assessment to recognize actual and reasonable apatite. Human resource learning delivers a frame subject for self-establishment provision schedules and professional progression to meet an establishments future dexterity necessity.Goal of Human resource management is to optimiz e the effectiveness of the employee by piecemeal up grading the course spirit of the track d admiters and interacting them as the most curious resource to growing the point of intersectionivity of the organization in that location is one no-hit way for an establishments human resource problems enlightened, advanced, people first, to a greater uttermost performance or more than commitment, labor tactics to be do in companies. Best practices of Human choice counsel * Managers mustiness commit more attention towards Human resource issues. The consideration of human resourcing are parts of strategic aim deliberations. * More encouragement be presumption to the employees helps more productiveness which passs to the establishments constant improvement. * Employees show a liking towards improving their own skills to come by means of self-advancement and flexibility. CAREER Wilensky (1961) says allow us define travel in structural terms. A flight is a succession of related jobs ar presentd in a monarchy of prestige, by dint of which soulfulnesss move in an showed sequence (p. 23) This tells us that travel has a particular way in which a person should proceed in set up to achieve his vision and goals. Career is the journey towards an ultimate destination. there is a view amongst the people that occupational group has changed from olden days organizational structure to the modern way which is based on the skills, knowledge and desegregation of people. Baruch (2002) presents a list of career management practices in order of the level of implementation which an earlier survey plant expose.There are advertising external career opportunities, professional education as a part of career advancement, performance appraisals as an important tool for career proviso, career conselling by your immediate manager or Human resource management department, enlisting platforms, succession planning, mentoring, common career cart track, ternary lad der, books on career problems, indite personal career, assessment centers, 360 degree appraisals, career workshops, introduction, special programs, example for full(prenominal) flyers, creating psychological contracts and secondment.Effective career management should adhere to a number of principles. physical structure and coherency within organizations in messages about what career and career management is, proactively collaboration between employer and employee and dynamism. Goals of career management process must be explicit and that this allow for be most easily achieved if there is a limited number of compliable interventions. CAREER DECISION POINT foreign subsidisation Predeparture Training Reassignment Recruiting & Selecting Exit Organization Predeparture Training Deselecting Parent Repatriation CAREER PLANNINGCareer planning which is for an individual life time, a decision that has to be made life long, which includes choosing of occupation, seeking a job, progress in the job, career transition and carry on downtual(prenominal) recruitment. Its also for an individual to set goals for himself and achieve them. This helps a person to evaluate their abilities and interests. The outcome of this should be one of the hunting * Developing genius effectively and efficaciously. * Giving opportunities to employees for self-appraisal Career planning is built out of triplet components self-assessment, choosing the work of your choice and recognizing the suitable career.CAREER DEVELOPMENT As individuals everyone is interested in their own career, its very unlikely that a person for examine spend more stratums with a single employer, especially when their work life begins. Due to this career increment is the right of the employer. Most people like to move to new areas of work repayable to better opportunities, chances of on the job(p) with particular people and commuting time. As a result of this employers must analysis what is crack cocaineed by the other employers and ensuring that employees appreciate what they are been destinen.A method used to retain and establish a elephantine group of employees with international d advantageously is through bad them short term breeding assignments which will be for a few months and there onwards to a few grades. ( manikin 1) Swedish Swiss conglomerate ABB A multinational caller set out carried on the practices of developing a minuscular carder of international employees rather than internationalizing everyone. (Example 2) Aitken Spence Hotels & Resorts (A reputed chain hotel in Sri Lanka which has its own hotel in Maldives, India & Oman)In this organization the Assistant Vice president Mr. Sarriff odeen conducts a face-off once in three months for the entire counselling of individually hotel individually to explain the smart sets strategies & the Employee benefits, the last meeting was held on the 12 June at heritance Ahungalle (Example 3) Mas Holdings Pvt. Ltd. (South Asias biggest apparel manufacturer) The gild sends a limited number of staff to a University in India to educate them in the clothing technology and in order to implement the knowledge in their local company. Example 4) Mas Holdings Pvt. Ltd. Mas Career Development center in Sri Lanka at Ambepussa, a center for staff operative for Sri Lanka Mas Holdings to train and develop themselves. (Example 5) Mas Holdings Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Vithanaarachchi, who united as a weaving supervisor rose through up to the position of Manager. As scholarship of his work the company sponsored him to study trap Fabric technology in University of Derbyshire This reviews your work history and the key factors psychological, sociological and economical which influence the career choice.Creating an improved approach to employee development by recognizing individuals needs and responding for a satisfactory and rewarded career is the goal of career service. Career development is guiding people in order for them to reach where they want to be and where the organization wants them to be. Providing career development helps the organization increase the chances of their work force existence willing and ready to serve the organization for the betterment of two parties. Career development creates opportunities for employees meet authentic as well as future crease needs through professional interest and capability. Example 6) Kelloggs Non-productive staff are put across to fill are form which gives details of employees career, biographical information, work experience, and development plans. This is filed in the employees profile which gives an overview of the employees current accountability development and future opportunities. People Managers have a performance management plan which is concern about the employee development. The role of Peoples manager in employee development * Update employee profile on a periodic basis. * Fill the Managers pageboy in the Employee profile. Considerin g any possible development actions in the future. * Understanding the extremity of making development more successful. * Check weather employees are engage towards development. * Provide adequate resource, opportunities and verify to employees for development. * Provide caching and obtain feedback. (Example 7) Nivea Graduate programs are conducted in different stages as follows Beyond borders an 18 month program where the candidate will be trained for 5 to 6 months overseas in other company or at the headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. Gateway to the top a program for university graduates who want to rofessionalize on sales, marketing, human resource, supply chain management or finance. 360 degree program a program to gain experience beyond the professionalized area. Focusing on you a program in order to develop professional and personal skills. (Example 8) Tesco Management programs are conducted for 7000 staff at one time on development programs to gain knowledge and skills to move to the next step of the Tesco Challenge. Each year over 10,000 prove that by changing jobs in the organisation, as a result of programs that are flexible and sought your personal needs 80% of the administration role is filled by existing team mates.. Example 9) Harrods The managers are looked to complete a monthly review with workers to follow up with consistent 1-2-1s to review objectives and career objectives. The diverse number of divisions provides a exceptional prospect for workers to develop new abilities and experience without having to alteration companies. (Example 10) Nokia, India troupe conducts Management trainee programs from the year 20006 and recruiting young talents and investing in their future confidential information role. The program is an in house on the job learn weapon that encourages and allows the trainees to learn and develop theme selves for future roles.In order to beget the program a better success the company has built a relationship with ins titutes IIM Ahamadabad, IIM Calcuta, IIM Lucknow, XLRI Jamshedpur and TISS Mumbai The role of Employees in employee development * Be responsible for own career. * prospering performance in present role of job. * Achieve pictorial career goals. * Discuss with the Manager about developing the career. * Pay more attention towards areas to be more professional. (Example 11) Nivea (The largest women and men beauty care product manufacture)The company offers future alimentation in the form of career path which focuses international and cross functional activities and development programs planned to achieve some(prenominal) professional and personal talents. DUAL CAREER COUPLE In 1960s the term doubled career bitstocks was introduced by a team of Sociologists who were husband-and-wife. devil professionals engaging in a significant relationship where both trace a career that reflects commitment, personal growth, responsibility. In this both partners are super skilled and commi tted towards career advancement and obtain fiscal remuneration for their career advancement.From the recent past woman too are focalization on professional career. The duet both who are managers, professional or technicians has doubled up in the past two decades. The worry amongst Dual career couples was balancing career, personal relationship and family responsibilities. Dual career couple men experience psychological stress, since they would be judged by their capacity to support the family and gain work status. They feel their status is beneathmined by their wife working, who will lead to loss of control, they fear helping at home under estimates manhood.Family problems where one partner has to be flexible adequate to choose whats best for the family. In order to this the career development should be accepted for dual couples at early stages. At all times it is bright to involve both partners in planning to enhance the success of efforts. The other problem is job transfer s, these transfers in the other partners career due to the mobility and also a commuting relationship between each other. When relocating dual career couple the Human resource can serve in finding a suitable job for the candidates partner as well.Also Dual career couple marriages are quite complex than other marriages where there is opportunities for mutual growth and development and in the stave opportunities for failure. two individuals work towards these as they find it difficult to meet these expectations as both work to develop their interpersonal relationship with one another(prenominal). WIFES CAREER hypothesise prerequisite Organizational demand Social demand dealing with subordinates Dealing with clients (20 50 hours) HOME DUTIES Home maintenance Neighborhood relationship Children activity Social planning ShoppingSelf-maintenance Assisting the spouse (30 50 hours) HUSBANDS CAREER Job demand Career advancement Social demand Dealing with subordinates Dealing with clie nts (40 50 hours) LEISURE TIME Rest Hobbies Personal activities Religious / Social activities (48 78 hours) The above figure shows the amount of time spent by Dual career couples per week. The wife takes responsibility of home and work whereas the husband takes responsibility only with career. DUAL CAREER COUPLES IN LARGE COMPANIES The Human mental imagery should turn the Two body problems in to Two body opportunities.Many researchers found that than men its women in dual career couples subordinate their career development with their partner. Some companies use the scheme as the cost share arrangement for hiring spouses, some companies do provide job opportunities in different departments where as some do offer a job in another company of the akin group. The overall review of this is to facilitate dual career couples with job search for partners when relocating and hiring. The reason for companies to have dual career couple policies are to be competitive, increase faculty of co lour, attract leads, increase women and to invent for location.Some companies do offer temporary jobs than part time jobs for senior trailing spouses. (Example 12) Oregon State University The university has a scheme as family employment program where a fixed regular sum is paid as honorarium to spouses of facilities. In order to retain the employees the company gives greater responsibilities to employees which adds more care for towards their career. Chain companies promote the talented employees in the same organization or to another branch. Vacant positions arising within the company is first notified to the internal employees to give them priority. Example 13) The gas and oil industry was facing problems of retaining employees in their companies. The companys goal was to develop the engineers talent by giving difficult types of assignments to increase the responsibility level of the employee during his career in the company. (Example 14) John Keells Hotels (A reputed Hotel ch ain in Sri Lanka, which not only owns hotels but supermarkets, shipping, despatch etc. ) The company has a constitution of recruiting bottom line staff, which gradually develops themselves in becoming managers of that company.Also the company believes in promoting the staff inside to postgraduate positions rather than hiring staff from out of the company as motivation and credit rating for the employees. (Example 15) Nokia, India A global concert management system which is Invest in people Internal job market is for the border, which enables movement of Nokia employees. Any vacancies countermand in the company is first posted to the interior employees and thereafter to the exterior applicants. Large companies are rich in resources and have a large turnover from the business.Due to this factor the company has the ability of discharge uping the employees a horse barn salary which they would be contented with. Also the sugar gained are being given as bonuses since the compan y has limited liabilities to cover. There companies have a fixed policy which is applicable to all of their branches where ever located in the world. There is a mind perception of employees who do consider working for large reputed companies to be of prestige. (Example 16) Harrods Hannah, Retail Managers says, The career opportunities at Harrods are unimpeachably unique to Harrods.For example at the moment Im on the Harrods management programme, which is an viii month programme that gives you the necessary training to become a manager. So by the end of the eight months youll become a retail manager in the store. (Example 17) Sony As a Communications Manager, Rosemary says it best distant of the brand, its easy to be proud of Sony. You tell people you work for Sony, and you dont get a glazed look its instantaneous attentiveness. Its a sense of respect that starts from within. Everybody works very hard. Theres a high level of expectation, but we all focus on that challenge to d eliver the best quality work.The people are the heart and soul of this place. Its a real commitment, and it goes both ship canal the company to its employees, and the people are just as committed to the company. Companies offer benefits not only for the employee but also for the entire family, which helps them experience the same as their partners do. (Example 18) Serendib leisures (A chain hotel and resort company in Sri Lanka with a range of three and four star hotel properties) A medical scheme is in practice where the employees and their families benefit. The scheme gives life insurance to the family along with yearly lax medical checkup. (Example 19)Aitken Spence Hotels resorts The company offers a weekend package for all executive employees in order to spend a weekend with their family at another Aitken Spence hotel where the entire cost is barred by the company. This is offered twice a year for each employee (Example 20) Harrods They offer staff a very high salary of ? 15 ,000+ and upwards, apart for this staff receive many other rewards such as Harrod staff reward cards 50% discount on business dresses Season ticket loan Discount brochures at restaurants, fitness clubs, and spend companies. Opportunities to join the companys pension and health planHoliday payments Dual career couples parents working in companies are offered flexible working hours, which helps them balance family and work. apart(predicate) from the day off extra offer with pay, non pay croak for a long period policies are in existence. Advice and fiscal support is offered for the well being of the employees. A pension schemes are introduced for future benefits. (Example 21) Wal-Mart (The largest retail stores in the word, first introduced in the USA, found in many other countries) A policy is introduced for employees who are not USA citizens, the company many post-employment beneficial plans. Example 22) print Spencer A policy is in existence for surrogate parents, comparabl e adoption take and pay within a policy exclusively planned for adoptive parents by providing extra provision leading up to adoption. (Example 23) Mark Spencer For employees who face problems with regard to work or family, the business uses an independent 24hour confidential helpline staffed by advisors who provide assistance in giving advice on debts or financial problems, legal problems, abuse, relationship difficulties, state benefits and even general counseling. They can be contacted on 07659145671 Example 24) Mark Spencer There is a policy for dads / parents, where 1 week paid paternity leave is being given when the baby arrives. Also parents have the benefits of winning gratuitous leave for 13 weeks for every child till the age of 5 years. (Example 25) Mark Spencer For married female employees time off is being given for midwife, fitness visitor and parent craft lessons. Maternity pay and leave. The company professional health tem is accessible to carryout fitness checks at any time prior and after the birth including risk assessments where suitable. Example 26) Mark Spencer Flexible working hours are part-time, job sharing or term- working. For staffs who wishes to study or take a complete break of work nine-spot months unpaid leave is given under the companies Career Break policy (Example 27) Mark Spencer Company offers dependency leave of 4 weeks paid leave which may be followed by 3 to 9 months unpaid leave or furthermore a longer break where the employee can take a dependency break for up to 5 years.Companies that have succeeded in generating opportunities for dual career couples follow four strategies, they are as follows * A dual career office with a person who would address the problems of dual career couples. * The top management who are willing to give solutions for original and flexible in hiring. * Amongst the department the cross-discipline cooperation that exists due to administrative support. * Issuing financial incentives to dep artments apart from the department resources that are willing to hire partners. DUAL CAREER COUPLES IN nonaged COMPANIESSmall businesses are loosely independent owners. Most olive-sized companies are at the infantry stage, which face a lot of financial crisis. There are companies with barriers for dual career couple policies such as, leave out of communication, coordination, administration, more attention only over departmental work and wishing of resources. The employees are mostly recruits on contract basis where job auspices is limited and salaries are of a standard rate. The company is focused towards the salary than on employee growth due to high cost involence new technology is not introduced which demotivate employee. Example 28) Tendon Lanak Pvt. Ltd. (A splendid scale electrical manufacturing company in Sri Lankan) Old fashioned electronical technology with no development as the industry was growing, due to this situation the company employees were demotivated doing the same job over and over again which lead them to leave the company. As an end result of this the company had to close down on June 2009. (Example 29) Earls Regency Sumiko Lanka Hotels Pvt. Ltd. (A 5 star resort property in the Central Province of Sri Lanka owned by Sumiko Lanka Hotels Pvt. Ltd. )The executive Chef of this hotel resigned, and at that point the hotel had to recruit a new candidate for that position since the second in line were not capable enough to cope up with the work and be promoted to a higher position. The passage cause for this was lack of training been provided for the management level staff. In the meantime some of these companies have a policy where dual career couples are not allowed to work in the same organization, due to the fear that when the first partner leaves the second also tends to leave, very few exceptional cases in which one does remain.The reason for companies to not have a policy is due to less competitive, ad hoc accommodation can lead to resentment. (Example 30) Sumiko Lanka Hotels Pvt. Ltd, The company has a policy, as an employees spouse cannot work in the same company, which goes to the extent of not allowing any blood relations of employees also to work in the same company. Small companies dont have the facility of providing employment to both couples since the establishment is small and not many branches available. WAYS OF SMALL COMPANIES RETAINING EMPLOYEES MOVING TOWARDS LARGE COMPANIESSmall companies need to find ways of being advanced and creative to retain employees. Loosing an experienced worker is a great productivity loss for t he company therefore constant support must be given towards work. Effective management practices and leadership skills, imperative corporate culture and pleasurable work environment encourage employees retain. The employers must have a clear understanding about the expectation of the employees. The company can focus on recruiting staff from the same location, in order to re tain staff due to travelling conveniences. On the job training should be rovided introducing new technology. For job security they should be provided each employee a job description which gives a clear picture of what is expected from them. Rewards and recognition is the best way for staff motivation. Health care benefits, new-hire orientation programs, undetermined communication strategy, defined involvement programs, onsite parking, compensation for training cost occasional dress programs such programs not only help retain employees, increase loyalty and productivity. The employers should take time in celebration staff birthdays and anniversaries to make them feel special.Te best employees of the month can be nominated in order to recognize the hard working employees and to motivate the rest. (Example 31) Nesto Pvt. Ltd. (A chocolate and cooky factory in Sri lanka) The company recruits employees from its location and an introduction program is carried out for the employees dur ing the first week with regardsto the entire company profile and the operation taking place. CONCLUSION When analyzing the theoretical part and the practical situations faced by Dual career couples in companies, the large companies are much more efficient in handling these types of situations as they are enriched with many resources.Most large companies have great financial resources with many sub companies of its own. This helps employees benefit in ways of wages, additional allowances, bonuses, paid leave and transfers on request. Many employees expect this in return of their service to the company. But in term of small companies, they have a very limited amount of resource which is mostly utilized for the benefit and growth of the company. Their main concern is about gaining profits for the company rather than focusing on employee growth. To overcome this situation small companies must engage staff welfare activities.The company must make the employee feel they are special and wa nted. REFERENCES BOOKS PRINT Beardwell J. Claydon T. (2007) Human Resource Management, Pearson statement Limited. Fifth Edition (page 358 398) Becker B. E. et. al (2001) The Human Resource Scorecard, Pearson teaching method Limited. Chrish et. al (2010) International Human Resource Management, charted Institute of Personnel Development (IPD House) spot Edition Dowling P. J et. al (1999) International Human Resource Management, sou-west College Publishing. leash Edition Foot M. Hook C. (2008) Introducing Human Resource Management, Pearson Education Limited.Fifth Edition Hall B. W. PhD (2008) The Human capital Strategy, Library of Congress Cataloging. Loopold J. et. al (2005) The Strategic Managing of Human Resource, Pearson Education Limited. Mathis R. L. Jackson J. H (2008) Human Resource Management, Thomson South West. Twelfth Edition Price A. (2007) Human resource Management, Cengage accomplishment EMEA. Third Edition Redman T. Wilkinson A. (2009) Contemporary Human Res ource Management, Pearson Education Limited. Third Edition Torrington D, Hall L. Taylor S. (2008) human Resource Management, Pearson education Limited.Seventh Edition (page 465 476) BOOKS electronic Bruce W. M Reed M. C. (1991) Dual Career Couples in the Public Sector, program library of Congress Cataloging. (Page 2 to 4) ready(prenominal) from http//books. google. co. uk/books? id=unBG-ablVW0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=dual+career+couples+in+the+ prevalent+sectorhl=enei=zbQ_TvWVJpTC8QPOqNSPAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCoQ6AEwAAv=onepageqf=false (Accessed on 15th July 2011) David Russo (2010) 17 Rules, Successful Companies Use to Attract Keep top Talents, Pearson Education Limited.Available from http//books. google. com/books? id=kVsnbZ23uYcCpg=PA147dq=how+do+companies+retain+employeeshl=enei=yKlDTqzkDcyq8APz673sBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1 pved=0CDgQ6AEwAAv=onepageq=how%20do%20companies%20retain%20employeesf=false (Accessed on 10th August 2011) Fielden S. L . et. al (2005) International Handbook of Women Small Business Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar Publishing limited. (Page 3 to 13) Available from http//books. google. co. k/books? id=myRC5ngQffoCprintsec=frontcoverdq=International+Handbook+of+Women+%26+Small+Business+Entrepreneurshiphl=enei=lLY_TsbpJoah8QO004mTCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CDAQ6AEwAAv=onepageq=International%20Handbook%20of%20Women%20%26%20Small%20Business%20Entrepreneurshipf=false (Accessed on 15th July 2011) Ferber M. A. Loeb J. E. (1997) donnish Couples Problems Promises, Library of Congress Cataloging. Available from http//books. google. o. uk/books? id=7GXk7upc6DACpg=PA270dq=dual+career+couples+in+the+public+sectorhl=enei=zbQ_TvWVJpTC8QPOqNSPAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CF4Q6AEwCQv=onepageq=dual%20career%20couples%20in%20the%20public%20sectorf=false (Accessed on 15th June 2011) clear PAGES AND WEB SITES http//www. acadamices. com/science/focus_on_research_dual_career_couples_36593. h tml http//advance. ei. colombia. edu/sitefiles/file/dual_career_reading_30105. pdf http//www. beiersdorf. om/career/working_at_beiersdorf/working_at_beiersdorf http//corporate. marksandspencer. com/mscareers/rewards_benefits/lifestyle_options/supporting_working_parents http//www. essaypride. com/essays. php? free_essay=4788576title=Retaining-Employees-In-Small-Business http//hr. blr. com/HR-news/Staffing-Training/leaders/Growing-Leaders-Retaining-Employees-in-Small-and-M/ http//www. harrodscareers. co. uk/page/career_development http//www. masholdings. com http//www. nokia. co. in/careers http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Retaining-Employees-Small-Business/62126